scholarly journals The Immediate and Lasting Effect of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents: An ERP Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10242
Author(s):  
Meng Yang ◽  
Xinmei Deng ◽  
Sieun An
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Lasting Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Two Phases

The immediate effect is an important index of the outcomes of emotion regulation. However, in daily life, whether the effect of emotion regulation lasts and the lasting mechanism have been examined less. The present research focused on the relationships between the immediate and lasting effect of the emotion regulation of adolescents. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from 51 adolescents (31 boys and 20 girls, Mage = 12.82) during online emotion regulation using the Reactivity and Regulation-Image Task (phase 1) and re-presentation of emotional stimuli after a period of time (phase 2). Event-related potentials (ERPs) related to emotion regulation, such as N2, P3, and the late positive potential (LPP), were examined in the two phases. The results showed that: (1) In both of the two phases, in negative emotion conditions, the amplitudes of P3 and LPP 300–600 of no-regulation conditions were significantly higher than those in reappraisal conditions. However, there was no significant difference under neutral conditions; (2) The amplitudes of P3, N2, and LPP 300–600 during emotion regulation in phase 1 positively predicted the amplitudes of P3, N2, and LPP300–600 in phase 2 in different experimental conditions. Results from the regression analysis implied that the immediate effect of online emotion regulation may predict the lasting effect when adolescents face the same emotions again. In addition, our findings provide neurological evidence that the use of cognitive reappraisal could effectively help adolescents to reduce the recruitment of cognitive resources when they regulate negative emotions and when they face those negative emotions again.

Early Negativity Bias Occurring Prior to Experiencing of Emotion

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangheng Dong ◽  
Hui Zhou ◽  
Xuan Zhao ◽  
Qilin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetries ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Negative Stimuli

The present study analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) in different valence conditions to investigate whether negativity bias can occur prior to the experiencing of negative emotion. There were two tasks: One was challenging and participants were asked to react as quickly as possible; the other was easy and participants were asked to react after the stimuli disappeared. ERPs were compared to determine if negativity bias had occurred. Anterior hemispheric asymmetries tests (AHAT) were conducted to test emotion-evoking effects. The ERP results showed that negativity bias occurred in both tasks. However, AHAT showed that emotion was not effectively evoked in the challenging task. These results suggested that negativity bias could occur even without effective experiencing of emotion. This prompted a new viewpoint regarding the properties of negativity bias: Early negativity bias was caused by the features of negative stimuli but not by negative emotions.

Oxygen radicals in capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Airway Constriction ◽  
Respiratory Compliance ◽  
Maximal Expiratory Flow ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Phases

The role of oxygen radicals in capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction was investigated using scavengers of the radicals. A total of 48 guinea pigs weighing 293 +/- 7 g were employed in this study, which consisted of two phases. In phase 1, 35 anesthetized paralyzed animals were divided into five groups: group 1A, control (n = 6); group 1B, chronic dimethylthiourea (DMTU, n = 12); group 1C, acute DMTU (n = 6); group 1D, superoxide dismutase (n = 4); and group 1E, catalase (n = 7). All animals were injected with capsaicin (16 micrograms/kg iv), and changes in respiratory compliance and maximal expiratory flow rate were used as indicators of bronchoconstriction. The capsaicin injection caused a marked airway spasm that was significantly ameliorated by chronic DMTU pretreatment, but no amelioration was noted with the other treatments. An additional study for group 1C was performed using a double dose of DMTU. Again no amelioration was found. In phase 2, 13 animals were divided into two groups: group 2A, substance P (SP, n = 7) and group 2B, chronic DMTU + SP (n = 6). There was no significant difference in SP-induced bronchoconstriction between animals in these two groups. These data suggest that capsaicin-induced airway constriction is modulated by oxygen radicals which may augment mainly on the biosynthesis and/or axonal transport of tachykinins.

Psychiatry Transcript Annotation: Process Study and Improvements

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Sridhar ◽  
Nazmul Kazi ◽  
Indika Kahanda ◽  
Bernadette McCrory
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Annotation Process ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Two Phases

Background: The demand for psychiatry is increasing each year. Limited research has been performed to improve psychiatrist work experience and reduce daily workload using computational methods. There is currently no validated tool or procedure for the mental health transcript annotation process for generating “gold-standard” data. The purpose of this paper was to determine the annotation process for mental health transcripts and how it can be improved to acquire more reliable results considering human factors elements. Method: Three expert clinicians were recruited in this study to evaluate the transcripts. The clinicians were asked to fully annotate two transcripts. An additional five subjects were recruited randomly (aged between 20-40) for this pilot study, which was divided into two phases, phase 1 (annotation without training) and phase 2 (annotation with training) of five transcripts. Kappa statistics were used to measure the inter-rater reliability and accuracy between subjects. Results: The inter-rater reliability between expert clinicians for two transcripts were 0.26 (CI 0.19 to 0.33) and 0.49 (CI 0.42 to 0.57), respectively. In the pilot testing phases, the mean inter-rater reliability between subjects was higher in phase 2 with training transcript (k= 0.35 (CI 0.052 to 0.625)) than in phase 1 without training transcript (k= 0.29 (CI 0.128 to 0.451)). After training, the accuracy percentage among subjects was significantly higher in transcript A (p=0.04) than transcript B (p=0.10). Conclusion: This study focused on understanding the annotation process for mental health transcripts, which will be applied in training machine learning models. Through this exploratory study, the research found appropriate categorical labels that should be included for transcripts annotation, and the importance of training the subjects. Contributions of this case study will help the psychiatric clinicians and researchers in implementing the recommended data collection process to develop a more accurate artificial intelligence model for fully- or semi-automated transcript annotation.

scholarly journals Removal of organic matter from pre-treated domestic sewage in anaerobic biological reactor by a combined system of electrolytic and biological aerobic treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ariela Araujo Fonseca ◽  
Yovanka Pérez Ginoris ◽  
Norma Mendes Pinheiro Gontijo ◽  
Marco Antonio Almeida de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Organic Matter Removal ◽  
Electrolytic Process ◽  
Two Phases

Biological processes are the most widespread methods for wastewater treatment. However, they are limited in their ability to degrade toxic and refractory pollutants, contaminants that electrochemical processes can remove. Therefore, this research explored the possibility of treating sewage by an anaerobic biological process followed by an aerobic system integrated to an electrolytic process. Three sequential batch reactors were operated in an automated way. Each of three reactors represented a process: aerobic biological treatment (BR); electrolytic treatment (ER); and a combination of both, the bio electrolytic reactor (BER). Two phases were ran with different electrodes: (Phase 1) stainless steel and (Phase 2) graphite. The electric current was varied from 0.001 to 0.100 A. COD, TS, SS, turbidity, and the zooplankton community were monitored. The highest organic matter removal efficiencies were 86%, 79% and 87% for BR, ER and BER, respectively. The best weekly BER efficiencies for COD removal were 90% and 98%, with current densities of 0.27 A/m2 (Phase 1) and 0.05 A/m2 (Phase 2). The main conclusions about bio electrolytic process were: (1) it did not achieve organic matter removal high enough to justify its application; (2) inert electrodes are the more indicated; and (3) the zooplankton community was affected by the electric current.

scholarly journals The Role of Leadership Level in College Students’ Decision-Making: Evidence From Event-Related Potential Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Yang ◽  
Shunshun Du ◽  
Hui He ◽  
Chengming Wang ◽  
Xueke Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leadership Group ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Acceptance Rates ◽  
Economic Transaction

Although risk decision-making plays an important role in leadership practice, the distinction in behavior between humans with differing levels of leadership, as well as the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms involved, remain unclear. In this study, the Ultimatum Game (UG) was utilized in concert with electroencephalograms (EEG) to investigate the temporal course of cognitive and emotional processes involved in economic decision-making between high and low leadership level college students. Behavioral results from this study found that the acceptance rates in an economic transaction, when the partner was a computer under unfair/sub unfair condition, were significantly higher than in transactions with real human partners for the low leadership group, while there was no significant difference in acceptance rates for the high leadership group. Results from Event-Related Potentials (ERP) analysis further indicated that there was a larger P3 amplitude in the low leadership group than in the high leadership group. We concluded that the difference between high and low leadership groups was at least partly due to their different emotional management abilities.

scholarly journals Developing a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation: the Clubhouse model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Mutschler ◽  
Jen Rouse ◽  
Kelly McShane ◽  
Criss Habal-Brosek
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Psychosocial Rehabilitation ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Realist Evaluation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Clubhouse Model ◽  
Two Phases

Background Psychosocial rehabilitation is a service that supports recovery from mental illness by providing opportunities for skill development, self-determination, and social interaction. One type of psychosocial rehabilitation is the Clubhouse model. The purpose of the current project was to create, test, and refine a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation at Progress Place, an accredited Clubhouse. Method Realist evaluation is a theory driven evaluation that uncovers contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes, in order to develop a theory as to how a program works. The current study involved two phases, encompassing four steps: Phase 1 included (1) initial theory development and (2) initial theory refinement; and Phase 2 included (3) theory testing and (4) refinement. Results The data from this two-phase approach identified three demi-regularities of recovery comprised of specific mechanisms and outcomes: the Restorative demi-regularity, the Reaffirming demi-regularity, and the Re-engaging demi-regularity. The theory derived from these demi-regularities suggests that there are various mechanisms that produce outcomes of recovery from the psychosocial rehabilitation perspective, and as such, it is necessary that programs promote a multifaceted, holistic perspective on recovery. Conclusions The realist evaluation identified that Progress Place promotes recovery for members. Additional research on the Clubhouse model should be conducted to further validate that the model initiates change and promotes recovery outcomes.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing International Board Certified Lactation Consultants to Continue Advancing Practice Beyond Certification: A Multinational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolyn Vaughan ◽  
Anne McMurray ◽  
Mary Sidebotham ◽  
Jennifer Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Lifelong Learners ◽  
Lactation Consultant ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
Lactation Consultants ◽  
Two Phases

Background:Certification as a lactation consultant is based on practitioners having achieved a standard of knowledge indicative of their competence to practice by passing a psychometric examination. The underpinning principle of recertification programs is to support clinicians to become lifelong learners by progressively enhancing and advancing their knowledge and skills in line with contemporary evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that influence International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to advance their practice.Method:A mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 included focus groups, interviews, and participants’ demographic data. Phase 2 comprised of an online questionnaire to IBCLCs. This approach was designed to provide a comprehensive qualitative understanding of the IBCLCs’ experiences, which was then triangulated with quantitative data from a significantly larger population of IBCLCs in Phase 2.Results:The findings are described in themes and subthemes. Participants in phase 2 (n = 3,946) reported being intrinsically motivated (93.3%, n = 3,631) and committed to providing evidence-based guidance and optimal care to support breastfeeding mothers. They identified various sources of continuing education, although attendance at conferences, peer support, and reflective sessions were the most common approaches to enhancing knowledge. They recognized that it was through extension of knowledge that they were able to advance their practice.Conclusion:This article identifies strategies that the managers, educators, and certification bodies can adopt to support the IBCLCs in continuing to advance their practice, which will ultimately improve breastfeeding outcomes for mothers.

scholarly journals Improving eye health using a child-to-child approach in Bariadi, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ving F. Chan ◽  
Hasan Minto ◽  
Eden Mashayo ◽  
Kovin S. Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Two Phases

Purpose: Vision Champions (VC) are children trained to perform simple eye health screening and share eye health messages among their community. Our objectives were to assess the ability of VC in identifying and referring children and the community with refractive error and obvious ocular disease and to assess the change in knowledge and practice of eye healthseeking behaviour of the community 3 months after the introduction of the Vision Champion Programme.Methods: We purposively sampled 600 households and interviewed 1051 participants in two phases with a close-ended questionnaire. The numbers of children screened, referred by the VC and those who attended the Vision Centre were recorded. The percentage of people who answered the questions correctly were compared between Phase 1 (P1) and Phase 2 (P2).Results: The VC shared their eye health messages with 6311 people, screened 7575 people’s vision and referred 2433 people for further care. The community were more aware that using eye ointment not prescribed by doctors (P1 = 58.96% vs. P2 = 72.75%) can lead to blindness. Participants were more aware that they should not administer eye drops in stock (P1 = 44.18% vs. P2 = 61.37%) or received from a friend or relative (P1 = 53.23% vs. P2 = 72.35%) if their eyes are red and painful.Conclusion: Children have the potential to effectively share eye health messages and conduct simple vision screening for their families and peers. Efforts are needed to sensitise the community to improve the referral or follow-up rate.

Neural responses during down-regulation of negative emotion in patients with recently diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hanne Lie Kjærstad ◽  
Julian Macoveanu ◽  
Gitte Moos Knudsen ◽  
Sophia Frangou ◽  
K. Luan Phan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Down Regulation

Abstract Background Aberrant emotion regulation has been posited as a putative endophenotype of bipolar disorder (BD). We therefore aimed to compare the neural responses during voluntary down-regulation of negative emotions in a large functional magnetic resonance imaging study of BD, patients' unaffected first-degree relatives (URs), and healthy controls (HCs). Methods We compared neural activity and fronto-limbic functional connectivity during emotion regulation in response to aversive v. neutral pictures in patients recently diagnosed with BD (n = 78) in full/partial remission, their URs (n = 35), and HCs (n = 56). Results Patients showed hypo-activity in the left dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (DMPFC and DLPFC) during emotion regulation while viewing aversive pictures compared to HCs, with URs displaying intermediate neural activity in these regions. There were no significant differences between patients with BD and HCs in functional connectivity from the amygdala during emotion regulation. However, exploratory analysis indicated that URs displayed more negative amygdala–DMPFC coupling compared with HCs and more negative amygdala-cingulate DLPFC coupling compared to patients with BD. At a behavioral level, patients and their URs were less able to dampen negative emotions in response aversive pictures. Conclusions The findings point to deficient recruitment of prefrontal resources and more negative fronto-amygdala coupling as neural markers of impaired emotion regulation in recently diagnosed remitted patients with BD and their URs, respectively.

The new Myopic Traction Maculopathy Staging System

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212093059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Parolini ◽  
Michele Palmieri ◽  
Alessandro Finzi ◽  
Gianluca Besozzi ◽  
Angela Lucente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Hole ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Macular Detachment ◽  
Myopic Traction Maculopathy ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Stage 1

Purpose: To describe a comprehensive OCT-based classification of myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). Methods: Two hundred eighty-one eyes with MTM (visited from 2006 to 2018), were retrospectively reviewed for age, best-corrected-visual-acuity (BCVA), axial length (AL), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and wide-field color fundus-photographs. The study was divided in two Phases. Phase 1: MTM types were categorized with OCT and correlated with age and BCVA. The type of staphyloma was described. Phase 2: the evolution of MTM was studied evaluating at least three OCT exams of each eye taken at different timings (interval between each exam: 1–10 years). Results: Phase 1: We identified, four MTM retinal stages (1. Inner/Outer Maculoschisis; 2. Predominantly outer Maculoschisis; 3. Maculoschisis-Macular Detachment; 4. Macular Detachment) and three foveal stages (a. Normal fovea; b. Inner Lamellar-Macular-Hole; c. Full-Thickness-Macular-Hole). Outer-Lamellar-Macular-Holes and epiretinal abnormalities were associated findings. Stages 1 to 2 were younger than stages 3 to 4 ( p < 0.05). BCVA in stages 1, 2 was similar, and higher than stages 3, 4 ( p < 0.02). About 14% of eyes had no staphyloma, 73% of eyes had staphyloma type 1 or 2. MTM stages were not correlated with AL. Phase 2: The retina could change in time from stage 1 to 4, or the fovea could change from stage a to c. Mean evolution time from stage 1 to 2, stage 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 were 20, 12, 3 months, respectively. BCVA decreased over time as stages increased ( p = 0.47). Conclusion: The MSS Table displays a new classification, the natural evolution, and practical insights for the management of MTM.

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