scholarly journals Revisiting the Existence of EKC Hypothesis under Different Degrees of Population Aging: Empirical Analysis of Panel Data from 140 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12753
Author(s):  
Shuyu Li ◽  
Rongrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
The Impact

Population aging and environmental sustainability have become two hot topics in the world today. To clarify whether the Environmental Kuninets Curve (EKC) hypothesis between the economy and the environment is still valid in the context of population aging is the key to reveal the complexity of social-ecological systems in aging societies. So far, the impact of population aging on the environment has not been clear. To this end, an empirical analysis on the threshold panel model was conducted using panel data of 140 countries from 2000 to 2015. The global findings suggest that economic growth was the main reason for the increase in the ecological footprint at the beginning of aging. However, deepening aging weakened this association between economic and ecological footprints. For high-income countries, with the deepening of aging, the economic and ecological footprints were firstly negatively correlated, then positively correlated, and finally negatively correlated. In other words, the EKC hypothesis remained valid in high-income countries as aging deepened. In contrast, for the low- and middle-income group, the economic-environmental association was not affected by the degree of aging. This result sheds light on the variability of different income country groups in coping with the environmental impacts of aging. For the high-income group, policy makers should pay attention to the aging threshold in socio-ecological management. Only in this way can the development of aging and the ecological environment be reconciled to the greatest extent.

scholarly journals International Environmental Efficiency Trends and the Impact of the Paris Agreement

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4503
Author(s):  
Wen-Chi Yang ◽  
Wen-Min Lu ◽  
Alagu Perumal Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

This study estimates the environmental efficiency of 150 economies during the period of 2010–2017 to understand the environmental efficiency trend worldwide. This research adopts the meta-Malmquist approach to compare and capture the dynamic change in environmental efficiency among different income groups. The empirical results indicate that among the four income groups, only the low-income group suffers from regression in terms of environmental efficiency, while the high-income group achieves the greatest progress. For the high-income group, the source of improvement originates from the frontier shift rather than from efficiency change. By contrast, the improvement of the lower-income groups results from the catching-up effect. With regard to the effect of the Paris Agreement, only the lower middle-income group exhibits a statistical difference between the two periods, and environmental efficiency increases after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. The fight against global warming cannot succeed by relying only on specific countries. The whole world must cooperate and improve together, and thus, additional help must be devoted to the low-income group. The statistical results support that differences exist in terms of environmental efficiency among the four income groups. In particular, the low-income group is deteriorating.

Community-Based Ecotourism and Its Impact on the Social and Economic Conditions: A Case Study in Blekok, Situbondo Regency, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Sulastri ARSAD ◽  
Afif Olivian DARYANTO ◽  
Luthfiana Aprilianita SARI ◽  
Dhira Kurniawan SAPUTRA ◽  
Fika Dewi PRATIWI
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

This study aims to analyse the impact of the implementation of community-based ecotourism on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok. Primary data were obtained from 79 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. The research method used a descriptive quantitative method. The data used were the characteristics of the people of Kampung Blekok, data on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok before and after the inauguration of the Kampung Blekok Ecotourism. The results show that the group of low and high income showed the decrease of percentage (11.39 and 8.87%, respectively), otherwise the middle and very high-income group presented an increase percentage (8.85 and 11.39%, consecutively). It means people who gained low and high income are reduced and middle and very high-income group are increased. It can conclude that ecotourism activities could affect the social economic of people in kampung Blekok.

scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

scholarly journals Impact of Population Aging on Carbon Emission in China: A Panel Data Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Xin Qi ◽  
Xiaojun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Stirpat Model ◽  
The Impact

The impact of population structure on carbon emission has always been a key area of research in modern society. In this paper, we propose a new expanded STIRPAT model and panel co-integration method to analyze the relationship between population aging and carbon emission, based on the provincial panel data in China from 1999 to 2014. Empirical results show that there exists a significant inverted U-shaped curve between the population aging and carbon emission. There also exist regional discrepancies, where the impact of the population aging on carbon emission in the eastern region is significantly positive. By contrast, a negative relationship arises in the central and western regions. Finally, several suggestions for low carbon development are provided.

International perspectives on inpatient mental health care

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Andrew Molodynski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
International Perspectives

Inpatient care varies enormously, both between countries and regions and within them. These variations are most stark when based on economic factors, but stigma, prevailing societal attitudes, and the role of the family also play a significant part in the amount and quality of mental health care overall. This chapter begins by outlining global economic factors and their impact on provision. It then focuses on the concept of a whole systems approach, looking briefly at the evidence base for different components of services generally seen in high-income group countries. Alternative suggestions to ‘high-income group’ models are discussed as the evidence internationally emanates almost exclusively from a small number of wealthy westernized countries. The chapter ends with a section looking at several internationally important themes in inpatient care and outlining examples of differences between countries in challenges and in solutions to what is one of the longest standing issues in mental health care: how to provide humane, effective inpatient care to those who need it (and not to those who do not).

scholarly journals Can income-based co-payment rates improve disparity? The case of the choice between brand-name and generic drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ito ◽  
Konan Hara ◽  
Byung-Kwang Yoo ◽  
Jun Tomio ◽  
Yasuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Additional Payment ◽  
Brand Name Drugs ◽  
Payment Rate

Abstract Background Higher income population tend to prefer brand-name to generic drugs, which may cause disparity in access to brand-name drugs among income groups. A potential policy that can resolve such disparity is imposing a greater co-payment rate on high-income enrollees. However, the effects of such policy are unknown. We examined how patients’ choice between brand-name and generic drugs are affected by the unique income-based co-payment rates in Japan; 10% for general enrollees and 30% for those with high income among the elderly aged 75 and over. Methods We drew on cross-sectional price variation among commonly prescribed 311 drugs using health insurance claims data from a large prefecture in Japan between October 2013 and September 2014 to identify between-income-group differences in responses to differentiated payments. Results Running 311 multivariate logistic regression models controlling individual demographics, the median estimate indicated that high-income group was 3% (odds ratio = 0.97) less likely to choose a generic drug than the general-income group and the interquartile estimates ranged 0.92–1.02. The multivariate feasible generalized least squares model indicated high-income group’s higher likelihood to choose brand-name drugs than the general-income group without co-payment rate differentiation (p < 0.001). Such gap in the likelihood was attenuated by 0.4% (p = 0.027) with an US$1 increase in the difference in additional payment/month for brand-name drugs between income groups — no gap with US$10 additional payment/month. This attenuation was observed in drugs for chronic diseases only, not for acute diseases. Conclusions Income-based co-payment rates appeared to reduce disparity in access to brand-name drugs across income groups, in addition to reducing total medical expenditure among high-income group who shifted from brand-name drugs to generic ones due to larger drug price differences.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Socio-Economic Status of Apartments in Kathmandu Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Archana Bade Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Growing Population

Nepal is urbanising at a rapid pace. According to CBS 2011 the urban population accounts for 17% and Kathmandu valley shares the highest urban population. The growing population has put immense pressure on land and housing situation in Kathmandu Valley. Apartments came into picture to accommodate the growing population in the less horizontal space of land but all income groups of people could not afford and access to the facilities and space provided in the apartments.  The current scenario in Kathmandu valley depicts that the developers make investments in construction of apartments as a commercial activity rather than to upgrade housing scenario. Despite, due to the high interest rate, formal collateral in the form of land and house and high income of people to repay loans preferred by commercial banks, the economically weaker section and lower income group of people are not eligible to proceed for the loan. The high cost of Apartment units is beyond affordability of EWS and LIG. The rapid increment of population concentration on primate cities like Kathmandu has led to scarcity of land to accommodate the increasing migrants and not only that, it has resulted in the unhygienic condition of living, suffocating and deteriorating urban environment. As a result, the high income group are moving in the urban fringe and it’s always the poor who are trapped in the vulnerable core cities of Kathmandu. The residential shift of rich people to urban fringe has led to the adhoc development with social disparity and inequity amongst the people living in the same areas.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Dynamics in the Finance-Inequality Nexus in China-CHNS Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Masudur Rahman ◽  
Guan Fuquan ◽  
Laila Arjuman Ara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the effects of financial development on incomes of Chinese residents particularly within various income groups using data from six provinces by applying the Quantile Regression model. The Greenwood and Jovanovich hypothesis that illustrates the inverted U shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested. This empirical study demonstrates that financial development has a positive but non-linear effect on the annual income of individuals from various income groups at different quantiles. The effect is an inverted U or Kuznets effect indicating an increase at first and then a drop. As for the distribution of the impact on various income groups, the low-income group is under the most dominant influence followed by the high-income group with the middle-income groups receiving relatively smaller influence. Findings indicate that promoting balanced financial development would help to ease the income gap between Chinese residents.

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