Chromosome Translocations as a Driver of Diversification in Mole Voles Ellobius (Rodentia, Mammalia)

The involvement of chromosome changes in the initial steps of speciation is controversial. Here we examine diversification trends within the mole voles Ellobius, a group of subterranean rodents. The first description of their chromosome variability was published almost 40 years ago. Studying the G-band structure of chromosomes in numerous individuals revealed subsequent homologous, step-by-step, Robertsonian translocations, which changed diploid numbers from 54 to 30. Here we used a molecular cytogenetic strategy which demonstrates that chromosomal translocations are not always homologous; consequently, karyotypes with the same diploid number can carry different combinations of metacentrics. We further showed that at least three chromosomal forms with 2n = 34 and distinct metacentrics inhabit the Pamir-Alay mountains. Each of these forms independently hybridized with E. tancrei, 2n = 54, forming separate hybrid zones. The chromosomal variations correlate slightly with geographic barriers. Additionally, we confirmed that the emergence of partial or monobrachial homology appeared to be a strong barrier for hybridization in nature, in contradistinction to experiments which we reported earlier. We discuss the possibility of whole arm reciprocal translocations for mole voles. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation.

Download Full-text

THE EFFECTS OF CYSTEAMINE AND AET Cl HCl ON THE INDUCTION OF MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS IN IRRADIATED MALE MICE

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g74-008 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

N. Savkovic ◽

J. Pecevski

Keyword(s):

Meiotic Chromosome ◽

Chromosome Rearrangement ◽

Meiotic Metaphase ◽

Chromosomal Translocations ◽

Whole Body ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Single Chromosome ◽

X Ray ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Chemical Agents

Two established chemical protective agents, β-mercaptoethylamine (cysteamine) and β-aminoethylisothiuronium (AET) Cl HCl were tested for their ability to induce chromosome translocations in totally irradiated mice with 600 R. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether cysteamine and AET Cl HCl themselves induce reciprocal translocations and whether these chemical agents have an equally protective effect against X-ray-induced chromosomal translocations in the first meiotic metaphase. The incidence of translocations after whole-body irradiation with a 600 R was 9.07% in animals protected with cysteamine and irradiated; 3.68%; and in those protected with AET Cl HCl and irradiated with the same dose, 5.45%. Not a single chromosome rearrangement was recorded among the animals treated with cysteamine and AET without irradiation.

Download Full-text

Analysis of multiple chromosomal rearrangements in the genome of Willisornis vidua using BAC-FISH and chromosome painting on a supposed conserved karyotype

BMC Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1186/s12862-021-01768-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Talita Fernanda Augusto Ribas ◽

Julio Cesar Pieczarka ◽

Darren K. Griffin ◽

Lucas G. Kiazim ◽

Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Painting ◽

Diploid Number ◽

Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽

Large Degree ◽

Artificial Chromosome ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Burhinus Oedicnemus ◽

Intrachromosomal Rearrangements

Abstract Background Thamnophilidae birds are the result of a monophyletic radiation of insectivorous Passeriformes. They are a diverse group of 225 species and 45 genera and occur in lowlands and lower montane forests of Neotropics. Despite the large degree of diversity seen in this family, just four species of Thamnophilidae have been karyotyped with a diploid number ranging from 76 to 82 chromosomes. The karyotypic relationships within and between Thamnophilidae and another Passeriformes therefore remain poorly understood. Recent studies have identified the occurrence of intrachromosomal rearrangements in Passeriformes using in silico data and molecular cytogenetic tools. These results demonstrate that intrachromosomal rearrangements are more common in birds than previously thought and are likely to contribute to speciation events. With this in mind, we investigate the apparently conserved karyotype of Willisornis vidua, the Xingu Scale-backed Antbird, using a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques including chromosome painting with probes derived from Gallus gallus (chicken) and Burhinus oedicnemus (stone curlew), combined with Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) probes derived from the same species. The goal was to investigate the occurrence of rearrangements in an apparently conserved karyotype in order to understand the evolutionary history and taxonomy of this species. In total, 78 BAC probes from the Gallus gallus and Taeniopygia guttata (the Zebra Finch) BAC libraries were tested, of which 40 were derived from Gallus gallus macrochromosomes 1–8, and 38 from microchromosomes 9–28. Results The karyotype is similar to typical Passeriformes karyotypes, with a diploid number of 2n = 80. Our chromosome painting results show that most of the Gallus gallus chromosomes are conserved, except GGA-1, 2 and 4, with some rearrangements identified among macro- and microchromosomes. BAC mapping revealed many intrachromosomal rearrangements, mainly inversions, when comparing Willisornis vidua karyotype with Gallus gallus, and corroborates the fissions revealed by chromosome painting. Conclusions Willisornis vidua presents multiple chromosomal rearrangements despite having a supposed conservative karyotype, demonstrating that our approach using a combination of FISH tools provides a higher resolution than previously obtained by chromosome painting alone. We also show that populations of Willisornis vidua appear conserved from a cytogenetic perspective, despite significant phylogeographic structure.

Download Full-text

Rapid Multi-Hybridisation FISH Screening for Balanced Porcine Reciprocal Translocations Suggests a Much Higher Abnormality Rate Than Previously Appreciated

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10020250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Rebecca E O’Connor ◽

Lucas G Kiazim ◽

Claudia C Rathje ◽

Rebecca L Jennings ◽

Darren K Griffin

Keyword(s):

Semen Analysis ◽

In Situ Hybridisation ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Farrowing Rate ◽

Significant Economic Loss

With demand rising, pigs are the world’s leading source of meat protein; however significant economic loss and environmental damage can be incurred if boars used for artificial insemination (AI) are hypoprolific (sub-fertile). Growing evidence suggests that semen analysis is an unreliable tool for diagnosing hypoprolificacy, with litter size and farrowing rate being more applicable. Once such data are available, however, any affected boar will have been in service for some time, with significant financial and environmental losses incurred. Reciprocal translocations (RTs) are the leading cause of porcine hypoprolificacy, reportedly present in 0.47% of AI boars. Traditional standard karyotyping, however, relies on animal specific expertise and does not detect more subtle (cryptic) translocations. Previously, we reported development of a multiple hybridisation fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) strategy; here, we report on its use in 1641 AI boars. A total of 15 different RTs were identified in 69 boars, with four further animals XX/XY chimeric. Therefore, 4.5% had a chromosome abnormality (4.2% with an RT), a 0.88% incidence. Revisiting cases with both karyotype and FISH information, we reanalysed captured images, asking whether the translocation was detectable by karyotyping alone. The results suggest that chromosome translocations in boars may be significantly under-reported, thereby highlighting the need for pre-emptive screening by this method before a boar enters a breeding programme.

Download Full-text

A Novel Selection System for Chromosome Translocations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/160.4.1363 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 160 (4) ◽

pp. 1363-1373 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel B Tennyson ◽

Nathalie Ebran ◽

Anissa E Herrera ◽

Janet E Lindsley

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Negative Selection ◽

Strand Break ◽

Chromosomal Translocations ◽

Selection System ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Genetic Abnormalities ◽

Yeast Chromosome

Abstract Chromosomal translocations are common genetic abnormalities found in both leukemias and solid tumors. While much has been learned about the effects of specific translocations on cell proliferation, much less is known about what causes these chromosome rearrangements. This article describes the development and use of a system that genetically selects for rare translocation events using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A translocation YAC was created that contains the breakpoint cluster region from the human MLL gene, a gene frequently involved in translocations in leukemia patients, flanked by positive and negative selection markers. A translocation between the YAC and a yeast chromosome, whose breakpoint falls within the MLL DNA, physically separates the markers and forms the basis for the selection. When RAD52 is deleted, essentially all of the selected and screened cells contain simple translocations. The detectable translocation rates are the same in haploids and diploids, although the mechanisms involved and true translocation rates may be distinct. A unique double-strand break induced within the MLL sequences increases the number of detectable translocation events 100- to 1000-fold. This novel system provides a tractable assay for answering basic mechanistic questions about the development of chromosomal translocations.

Download Full-text

Diversified Chromosome Rearrangements Detected in a Wheat‒Dasypyrum breviaristatum Substitution Line Induced by Gamma-Ray Irradiation

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8060175 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 175 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hongjin Wang ◽

Zhihui Yu ◽

Guangrong Li ◽

Zujun Yang

Keyword(s):

Gamma Ray ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Substitution Line ◽

Chromosome Rearrangements ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽

Dasypyrum Breviaristatum

To determine the composition of chromosome aberrations in a wheat‒Dasypyrum breviaristatum substitution line with seeds treated by a dose of gamma-rays (200 Gy), sequential non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) with multiple oligonucleotide probes was used to screen individual plants of the mutagenized progenies. We identified 122 types of chromosome rearrangements, including centromeric, telomeric, and intercalary chromosome translocations from a total of 772 M1 and 872 M2 plants. The frequency of reciprocal translocations between B- and D-chromosomes was higher than that between A- and D-chromosomes. Eight translocations between D. breviaristatum and wheat chromosomes were also detected. The 13 stable plants with multiple chromosome translocations displayed novel agronomic traits. The newly developed materials will enhance wheat breeding programs through wheat‒Dasypyrum introgression and also facilitate future studies on the genetic and epigenetic effects of translocations in wheat genomics.

Download Full-text

Contributions of Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics to the Diagnosis of Adipocytic Tumors

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2011/524067 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Jun Nishio

Keyword(s):

Fusion Gene ◽

Molecular Cytogenetics ◽

Chromosomal Translocations ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Mesenchymal Neoplasms ◽

Adipocytic Tumors ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques ◽

Conventional Cytogenetics ◽

Well Differentiated

Over the last 20 years, a number of tumor-specific chromosomal translocations and associated fusion genes have been identified for mesenchymal neoplasms including adipocytic tumors. The addition of molecular cytogenetic techniques, especially fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), has further enhanced the sensitivity and accuracy of detecting nonrandom chromosomal translocations and/or other rearrangements in adipocytic tumors. Indeed, most resent molecular cytogenetic analysis has demonstrated a translocation t(11;16)(q13;p13) that produces aC11orf95-MKL2fusion gene in chondroid lipoma. Additionally, it is well recognized that supernumerary ring and/or giant rod chromosomes are characteristic for atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, and amplification of 12q13–15 involving theMDM2,CDK4, andCPMgenes is shown by FISH in these tumors. Moreover, myxoid/round cell liposarcoma is characterized by a translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) that fuses theDDIT3andFUSgenes. This paper provides an overview of the role of conventional cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics in the diagnosis of adipocytic tumors.

Download Full-text

Chromosomal Aberrations in Cattle

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12091330 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1330

Author(s):

Beáta Holečková ◽

Viera Schwarzbacherová ◽

Martina Galdíková ◽

Simona Koleničová ◽

Jana Halušková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cultures ◽

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽

Early Mortality ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Robertsonian Translocations ◽

Bovine Cell

Chromosomal aberrations and their mechanisms have been studied for many years in livestock. In cattle, chromosomal abnormalities are often associated with serious reproduction-related problems, such as infertility of carriers and early mortality of embryos. In the present work, we review the mechanisms and consequences of the most important bovine chromosomal aberrations: Robertsonian translocations and reciprocal translocations. We also discuss the application of bovine cell cultures in genotoxicity studies.

Download Full-text

Recovery of 2R.2Sk Triticale-Aegilops kotschyi Robertsonian Chromosome Translocations

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9100646 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 646 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Waldemar Ulaszewski ◽

Jolanta Belter ◽

Halina Wiśniewska ◽

Joanna Szymczak ◽

Roksana Skowrońska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Rust ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Robertsonian Translocations ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Yellow Rust Resistance ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Triticosecale Wittmack ◽

Robertsonian Chromosome

Robertsonian translocations (RobTs) in the progeny of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) plants with monosomic substitution of Aegilops kotschyi chromosome 2Sk (2R) were investigated by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Chromosome 2Sk of Ae. kotschyi is reported to possess many valuable loci, such as Lr54 + Yr37 leaf and stripe (yellow) rust resistance genes. We used a standard procedure to produce RobTs, which consisted of self-pollination of monosomic triticale plants, carrying 2R and 2Sk chromosomes in monosomic condition. This approach did not result in RobTs. Simultaneously, we succeeded in producing 11 plants carrying 2R.2Sk compensatory RobTs using an alternative approach that utilized ditelosomic lines of triticale carrying 2RS (short arm) and 2RL (long arm) telosomic chromosomes. Identification of molecular markers linked to Lr54 + Yr37 genes in the translocation plants confirmed that these resources can be exploited in current triticale breeding programmes.

Download Full-text

Cytogenetic analysis of translocation heterozygosity in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g86-084 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 574-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Ashraf ◽

M. J. Bassett

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Chromosome Translocation ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Chromosome Translocations ◽

Ovule Abortion ◽

Translocation Heterozygosity ◽

The Common ◽

Half Diallel

Twelve semisterile lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (2n = 22) were reported previously by this laboratory. Here we verify through cytological investigations that 5 of the 12 stocks are indeed chromosome translocations. Cytological analysis of a half diallel set of crosses indicates that these five stocks involve eight different chromosomes in reciprocal translocations. Pollen and ovule abortion rates increase with the increasing number of interchanges in a stock. Cytological behavior and morphological abnormalities with respect to pollen and ovule abortion produced by translocation heterozygosity in the common bean, as observed in this study, are similar to those reported in other crops.Key words: Phaseolus, chromosome translocation, translocation heterozygosity.

Download Full-text

Distribution of Telomeric Sequences (TTAGGG)n in Rearranged Chromosomes of Phyllotine Rodents (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000444602 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 147 (4) ◽

pp. 247-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cecilia Lanzone ◽

Carolina Labaroni ◽

Natalia Suárez ◽

Daniela Rodríguez ◽

Macarena L. Herrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Chromosomal Evolution ◽

Robertsonian Translocations ◽

Telomeric Sequences ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Interstitial Telomeric Sequences ◽

Robertsonian Rearrangements ◽

Recent Origin ◽

Chromosome Fusions ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques

Phyllotines are sigmodontine rodents endemic to South America with broad genetic variability, Robertsonian polymorphisms being the most frequent. Moreover, this taxon includes a species with multiple sex chromosomes, which is infrequent in mammals. However, molecular cytogenetic techniques have never been applied to phyllotines to elucidate their karyotypic evolution. We studied the chromosomes of 4 phyllotine species using FISH with a pantelomeric probe (TTAGGG)n. Graomys griseoflavus, Eligmodontia puerulus, and E. morgani are polymorphic for Robertsonian translocations, whereas Salinomys delicatus possesses XX/ XY1Y2 sex chromosomes. Telomeric signals were detected at both ends of all chromosomes of the studied species. In S. delicatus interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS) were observed in the 3 major chromosome pairs, which are equidistant from one of the telomeres in these chromosomes. These results suggest that ITS are important in the reshuffling of the highly derived karyotype of S. delicatus. Considering the phylogeny of phyllotines, the Robertsonian rearrangements of G. griseoflavus, E. puerulus, and E. morgani possibly represent chromosome fusions which have occurred independently. The pericentromeric regions of the biarmed chromosomes of these species do not contain telomeric sequences characteristic for strict fusions of recent origin, suggesting a common pattern of telomeric repeat loss during chromosomal evolution of these rodents.

Download Full-text