scholarly journals The Effect of Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9013
Author(s):  
Luyang Hu ◽  
Jiansu Wang ◽  
Chong Yang ◽  
Faisal Islam ◽  
Harro Bouwmeester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Parasitic Weeds ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
Plant Microbe Interaction ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Evolution Of Virulence

Parasitic plants have a unique heterotrophic lifestyle based on the extraction of water and nutrients from host plants. Some parasitic plant species, particularly those of the family Orobanchaceae, attack crops and cause substantial yield losses. The breeding of resistant crop varieties is an inexpensive way to control parasitic weeds, but often does not provide a long-lasting solution because the parasites rapidly evolve to overcome resistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying naturally occurring parasitic plant resistance is of great interest and could help to develop methods to control parasitic plants. In this review, we describe the virulence mechanisms of parasitic plants and resistance mechanisms in their hosts, focusing on obligate root parasites of the genera Orobanche and Striga. We noticed that the resistance (R) genes in the host genome often encode proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains (NLR proteins), hence we proposed a mechanism by which host plants use NLR proteins to activate downstream resistance gene expression. We speculated how parasitic plants and their hosts co-evolved and discussed what drives the evolution of virulence effectors in parasitic plants by considering concepts from similar studies of plant–microbe interaction. Most previous studies have focused on the host rather than the parasite, so we also provided an updated summary of genomic resources for parasitic plants and parasitic genes for further research to test our hypotheses. Finally, we discussed new approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and RNAi silencing that can provide deeper insight into the intriguing life cycle of parasitic plants and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling parasitic weeds, thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.

scholarly journals The tomato receptor CuRe1 senses a cell wall protein to identify Cuscuta as a pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Hegenauer ◽  
Peter Slaby ◽  
Max Körner ◽  
Julien-Alexander Bruckmüller ◽  
Ronja Burggraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Peptide Epitope ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Glycine Rich Protein

Abstract Parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta penetrate shoots of host plants with haustoria and build a connection to the host vasculature to exhaust water, solutes and carbohydrates. Such infections usually stay unrecognized by the host and lead to harmful host plant damage. Here, we show a molecular mechanism of how plants can sense parasitic Cuscuta. We isolated an 11 kDa protein of the parasite cell wall and identified it as a glycine-rich protein (GRP). This GRP, as well as its minimal peptide epitope Crip21, serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and specifically bind and activate a membrane-bound immune receptor of tomato, the Cuscuta Receptor 1 (CuRe1), leading to defense responses in resistant hosts. These findings provide the initial steps to understand the resistance mechanisms against parasitic plants and further offer great potential for protecting crops by engineering resistance against parasitic plants.

scholarly journals Nitrates increase abscisic acid levels to regulate haustoria formation in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kokla ◽  
Martina Leso ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Jan Simura ◽  
Songkui Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Obligate Parasites ◽  
Root Parasite ◽  
Aba Biosynthesis ◽  
External Nutrient

Parasitic plants are globally prevalent pathogens that withdraw nutrients from their host plants using an organ known as the haustorium. Some, the obligate parasites are entirely dependent on their hosts for survival, whereas others, the facultative parasites, are independent of their hosts and infect depending on environmental conditions and the presence of the host. How parasitic plants regulate their haustoria in response to their environment is largely unknown. Using the facultative root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum, we found that external nutrient levels modified haustorial numbers. This effect was independent of phosphate and potassium but nitrates were sufficient and necessary to block haustoria formation. Elevated nitrate levels prevented the activation of hundreds of genes associated with haustoria formation, downregulated genes associated with xylem development and increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA). Enhancing ABA levels independently of nitrates blocked haustoria formation whereas reducing ABA biosynthesis allowed haustoria to form in the presence of nitrates suggesting that nitrates mediated haustorial regulation in part via ABA production. Nitrates also inhibited haustoria formation and reduced infectivity of the obligate root parasite Striga hermonthica, suggesting a more widely conserved mechanism by which parasitic plants adapt their extent of parasitism according to nitrogen availability in the external environment.

scholarly journals Parasitic Plants as Vectors for Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Gogoi ◽  
Namrata Baruah ◽  
Mandeep Poudel ◽  
Ruby Gupta ◽  
Geetanjali Baruah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Plant Pests

Parasitic plants obtain their nutrition from their hosts. In addition to this direct damage, they cause indirect damage to their hosts by transmitting various plant pathogens. There are some 4,500 species of parasitic plants known; out of them, nearly 60% are root parasites and the rest of them parasitise on the shoot parts. Orobanchaceae and Convolvulaceae are the two mostly studied families of parasitic plants; and the parasitic plants are the chief mode for transmission of the phytoplasmas. The parasitic plants have various modes of obtaining nutrition; however, the information about the mechanism(s) involved in the pathogen transmission by the parasitic plants is limited. The latest biotechnolgical advances, such as metagenomics and high througput sequencing, carry immense promise in understanding the host-parasitic plant-pathogen association in deeper details; and initiatives have indeed been taken. Nevertheless, compared to the other pests hindering crop productivity, parasitic plants have not yet been able to gain the needed attention of the plant scientists. In this chapter, we review and present some of the latest advances in the area of these important plant pests.

scholarly journals Sunflower Metabolites Involved in Resistance Mechanisms against Broomrape

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Carlos Rial ◽  
Rosa M. Varela ◽  
José M.G. Molinillo ◽  
Sara Peralta ◽  
Francisco A. Macías
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Resistant Varieties

Several strategies have been proposed to control parasitic plants and these include biological control, the use of herbicides, and suicidal germination or trap crops. In the case of sunflower, the most effective solution is genetic resistance. Nevertheless, the use of resistant cultivars is followed by the appearance of new and more virulent races of the parasite that overcome the existing sources of resistance. For this reason, it is necessary to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the resistant varieties. In this study, the presence of compounds involved in pre-attachment resistance mechanisms in sunflower varieties was analyzed. The production of stimulators of the germination of parasitic plant seeds and the concentration of the haustorial elongation inhibitor, scopoletin, were measured in exudates of resistant and susceptible sunflower varieties. It was found that dehydrocostuslactone and orobanchyl acetate are not involved in the resistance of the sunflower varieties studied. The results demonstrate that costunolide, heliolactone, and scopoletin are related to sunflower resistance. The sunflower varieties studied do not use all available options to fight parasitic plants. This could be one of the reasons that sunflower resistance is rapidly overcome by broomrape.

scholarly journals Search for Resistant Genotypes to Cuscuta campestris Infection in Two Legume Species, Vicia sativa and Vicia ervilia

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Eva María Córdoba ◽  
Mónica Fernández-Aparicio ◽  
Clara Isabel González-Verdejo ◽  
Carmela López-Grau ◽  
María del Valle Muñoz-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Cuscuta Campestris ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are parasitic plants that feed on the stems of their host plants. Cuscuta campestris is one of the most damaging parasitic plants for the worldwide agricultural production of broad-leaved crops. Its control is limited or non-existent, therefore resistance breeding is the best alternative both economically and environmentally. Common vetch (Vicia sativa) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) are highly susceptible to C. campestris, but no resistant genotypes have been identified. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify in V. sativa and V.ervilia germplasm collections genotypes resistant to C. campestris infection for use in combating this parasitic plant. Three greenhouse screening were conducted to: (1) identify resistant responses in a collection of 154 accessions of bitter vetch and a collection of 135 accessions of common vetch genotypes against infection of C. campestris; (2) confirm the resistant response identified in common vetch accessions; and (3) characterize the effect of C. campestris infection on biomass of V. sativa resistant and susceptible accessions. Most common vetch and bitter vetch genotypes tested were susceptible to C. campestris. However, the V. sativa genotype Vs.1 exhibited high resistance. The resistant phenotype was characterized by a delay in the development of C. campestris posthaustorial growth and a darkening resembling a hypersensitive-like response at the penetration site. The resistant mechanism was effective in limiting the growth of C. campestris as the ratio of parasite/host shoot dry biomass was more significantly reduced than the rest of the accessions. To the best or our knowledge, this is the first identification of Cuscuta resistance in V. sativa genotypes.

scholarly journals An effector from cotton bollworm oral secretion impairs host plant defense signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (28) ◽  
pp. 14331-14338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yu Chen ◽  
Yao-Qian Liu ◽  
Wei-Meng Song ◽  
Dian-Yang Chen ◽  
Fang-Yan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Oral Secretion ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Ja Signaling

Insects have evolved effectors to conquer plant defense. Most known insect effectors are isolated from sucking insects, and examples from chewing insects are limited. Moreover, the targets of insect effectors in host plants remain unknown. Here, we address a chewing insect effector and its working mechanism. Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is a lepidopteran insect widely existing in nature and severely affecting crop productivity. We isolated an effector named HARP1 fromH. armigeraoral secretion (OS). HARP1 was released from larvae to plant leaves during feeding and entered into the plant cells through wounding sites. Expression of HARP1 inArabidopsismitigated the global expression of wounding and jasmonate (JA) responsive genes and rendered the plants more susceptible to insect feeding. HARP1 directly interacted with JASMONATE-ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressors to prevent the COI1-mediated JAZ degradation, thus blocking JA signaling transduction. HARP1-like proteins have conserved function as effectors in noctuidae, and these types of effectors might contribute to insect adaptation to host plants during coevolution.

Feeding responses of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), to resistant and susceptible host-plants

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Padgham ◽  
S. Woodhead ◽  
H. R. Rapusas
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens Stål

AbstractThe feeding responses, growth and population development of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) are quantified on a range of twelve susceptible or resistant host-plants. Paris of rice varieties carrying the Bph1, bph2 and Bph3 resistance genes are compared as hosts for N. lugens, and it is concluded that such notations do not adequately describe the diversity of plant resistance mechanisms. Evidence is presented for resistance mechanisms involving enhanced insect activity and gustatory responses to unacceptable phloem.

scholarly journals Glucosinolates from Host Plants Influence Growth of the Parasitic Plant Cuscuta gronovii and Its Susceptibility to Aphid Feeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Smith ◽  
Melkamu G. Woldemariam ◽  
Mark C. Mescher ◽  
Georg Jander ◽  
Consuelo M. De Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Cuscuta Gronovii

scholarly journals Cross-Species Translocation of mRNA from Host Plants into the Parasitic Plant Dodder

2006 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannine K. Roney ◽  
Piyum A. Khatibi ◽  
James H. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Species Translocation

scholarly journals Host-parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Kurotani ◽  
Takanori Wakatake ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
Koji Okayasu ◽  
Yu Sawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Gene Clustering ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Tissue Adhesion

AbstractTissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic plants establish symbiotic relationship with host plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. While compatibility of tissue adhesion in plant grafting is often limited within close relatives, parasitic plants exhibit much wider compatibilities. For example, the Orobanchaceae parasitic plant Striga hermonthica is able to infect Poaceae crop plants, causing a serious agricultural loss. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasite plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species, such as Arabidopsis, a Brassicaceae plant. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Through gene clustering, we identified genes upregulated during these tissue adhesion processes, which include cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes. By comparing with a transcriptome dataset of interfamily grafting between Nicotiana and Arabidopsis, we identified 9 genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species. Among them, we showed a gene encoding secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in plants.Significance StatementComprehensive sequential RNA-Seq datasets for parasitic infection of the root and grafting of the stem between P. japonicum and Arabidopsis revealed that molecular events of parasitism and grafting are substantially different and only share a part of events such as cell proliferation and cell wall modification. This study demonstrated that a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase gene expressed in cells located at the parasite–host interface as an important factor for parasitism in the Orobanchaceae.

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