scholarly journals Potential of Nutraceutical Supplementation in the Modulation of White and Brown Fat Tissues in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Role of Inflammatory Signalling

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3351
Author(s):  
Federica Scarano ◽  
Micaela Gliozzi ◽  
Maria Caterina Zito ◽  
Lorenza Guarnieri ◽  
Cristina Carresi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Inflammatory Signalling

The high incidence of obesity is associated with an increasing risk of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sustained obesity is characterized by a chronic and unsolved inflammation of adipose tissue, which leads to a greater expression of proinflammatory adipokines, excessive lipid storage and adipogenesis. The purpose of this review is to clarify how inflammatory mediators act during adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance and all obesity-associated diseases. In particular, we focused our attention on the role of inflammatory signaling in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which represent a relevant component of adipose alterations during obesity. Furthermore, we reported the most recent evidence in the literature on nutraceutical supplementation in the management of the adipose inflammatory state, and in particular on their potential effect on common inflammatory mediators and pathways, responsible for WAT and BAT dysfunction. Although further research is needed to demonstrate that targeting pro-inflammatory mediators improves adipose tissue dysfunction and activates thermogenesis in BAT and WAT browning during obesity, polyphenols supplementation could represent an innovative therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee ◽  
Park ◽  
Oh ◽  
Lee ◽  
Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose

: Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolic tissues, including adipose tissues. The two main types of adipose tissues are the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT primarily stores excess energy, whereas BAT is predominantly responsible for energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis through the mitochondria. WAT in response to appropriate stimuli such as cold exposure and β-adrenergic agonist undergoes browning wherein it acts as BAT, which is characterized by the presence of a higher number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes has been reported to have strong correlation with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in detrimental effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity, and thermogenesis, which consequently lead to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial function can be improved by using thiazolidinedione, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and dietary natural compounds; by performing exercise; and by controlling caloric restriction, thereby maintaining the metabolic homeostasis by inducing adaptive thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT. In this review, we focus on and summarize the molecular regulation involved in the improvement of mitochondrial function in adipose tissues so that strategies can be developed to treat metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Does Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis Play a Role in Metabolic Health?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Craig Porter ◽  
Elisabet Børsheim ◽  
Labros S. Sidossis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose

The function ascribed to brown adipose tissue in humans has long been confined to thermoregulation in neonates, where this thermogenic capacity was thought lost with maturation. Recently, brown adipose tissue depots have been identified in adult humans. The significant oxidative capacity of brown adipocytes and the ability of their mitochondria to respire independently of ATP production, has led to renewed interest in the role that these adipocytes play in human energy metabolism. In our view, there is a need for robust physiological studies determining the relationship between molecular signatures of brown adipose tissue, adipose tissue mitochondrial function, and whole body energy metabolism, in order to elucidate the significance of thermogenic adipose tissue in humans. Until such information is available, the role of thermogenic adipose tissue in human metabolism and the potential that these adipocytes may prevent or treat obesity and metabolic diseases in humans will remain unknown. In this article, we summarize the recent literature pertaining to brown adipose tissue function with the aims of drawing the readers’ attention to the lack of data concerning the role of brown adipocytes in human physiology, and to the potential limitations of current research strategies.

scholarly journals TFEB drives PGC-1α expression in adipocytes to protect against diet-induced metabolic dysfunction

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (606) ◽  
pp. eaau2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent D. Evans ◽  
Xiangyu Zhang ◽  
Se-Jin Jeong ◽  
Anyuan He ◽  
Eric Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Tissue Browning

TFEB is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that confers protection against metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis by targeting a network of genes involved in autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis and lipid catabolism. In this study, we sought to characterize the role of TFEB in adipocyte and adipose tissue physiology and evaluate the therapeutic potential of adipocyte-specific TFEB overexpression in obesity. We demonstrated that mice with adipocyte-specific TFEB overexpression (Adipo-TFEB) were protected from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic sequelae. Adipo-TFEB mice were lean primarily through increased metabolic rate, suggesting a role for adipose tissue browning and enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis in fat. Transcriptional characterization revealed that TFEB targeted genes involved in adipose tissue browning rather than those involved in autophagy. One such gene encoded PGC-1α, an established target of TFEB that promotes adipocyte browning. To dissect the role of PGC-1α in mediating the downstream effects of TFEB overexpression, we generated mice with adipocyte-specific PGC-1α deficiency and TFEB overexpression. Without PGC-1α, the ability of TFEB overexpression to brown adipose tissue and to elicit beneficial metabolic effects was blunted. Overall, these data implicate TFEB as a PGC-1α–dependent regulator of adipocyte browning and suggest its therapeutic potential in treating metabolic disease.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Regulatory Role of Melatonin in Brown, White, and Beige Adipocytes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziye Xu ◽  
Wenjing You ◽  
Jiaqi Liu ◽  
Yizhen Wang ◽  
Tizhong Shan
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

AbstractThe high prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases has heightened the importance of understanding control of adipose tissue development and energy metabolism. In mammals, 3 types of adipocytes with different characteristics and origins have been identified: white, brown, and beige. Beige and brown adipocytes contain numerous mitochondria and have the capability to burn energy and counteract obesity, while white adipocytes store energy and are closely associated with metabolic disorders and obesity. Thus, regulation of the development and function of different adipocytes is important for controlling energy balance and combating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Melatonin is a neurohormone, which plays multiple roles in regulating inflammation, blood pressure, insulin actions, and energy metabolism. This article summarizes and discusses the role of melatonin in white, beige, and brown adipocytes, especially in affecting adipogenesis, inducing beige formation or white adipose tissue browning, enhancing brown adipose tissue mass and activities, improving anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, regulating adipokine secretion, and preventing body weight gain. Based on the current findings, melatonin is a potential therapeutic agent to control energy metabolism, adipogenesis, fat deposition, adiposity, and related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals High-fructose feeding suppresses cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake in young men independently of changes in thermogenesis and the gut microbiome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Richard ◽  
Denis P. Blondin ◽  
Saad A. Syed ◽  
Laura Rossi ◽  
Michelle E. Fontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Brown Adipose

Diets rich in added sugars, especially high in fructose, are associated with metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have shown a link between these pathologies and changes in the microbiome and its metabolites. Given the reported associations in animal models between the microbiome and brown or beige adipose tissue (BAT) function, and the alterations in the microbiome induced by high glucose or high fructose diets, we investigated the potential causal link between high glucose or fructose diets and BAT dysfunction in humans. We show that BAT glucose uptake, but not thermogenesis, is impaired by a high fructose but not high glucose diet, in the absence of changes in body mass, the gastrointestinal microbiome, and faecal short-chain fatty acids. We conclude that BAT metabolic dysfunction occurs independently from changes in gut microbiome composition, and earlier than other pathophysiological abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia during fructose overconsumption in humans.

scholarly journals Allicin regulates energy homeostasis through brown adipose tissue

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanhai Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyun He ◽  
Yao Sheng ◽  
Jia Xu ◽  
Cui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

AbstractBackground/objectives:Disorder of energy homeostasis can lead to a variety of metabolic diseases, especially obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Allicin, a main bioactive ingredient in garlic, has multiple biology and pharmacological function. However, the role of Allicin, in the regulation of metabolic organ, especially the role of activation of BAT, has not been well studied. Here, we analyzed the role of Allicin in whole-body metabolism and the activation of BAT.Results:Allicin had a significant effect in inhibiting body weight gain, decreasing adiposity, maintaining glucose homeostasis, improving insulin resistance, and ameliorating hepatic steatosis in diet-introduced obesity (DIO) mice. Then we find that Allicin can strongly activate brown adipose tissue (BAT). The activation of brown adipocyte treated with Allicin was also confirmed in mouse primary brown adipocytes.Conclusion:Allicin can ameliorate obesity through activating brown adipose tissue. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Molecular Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue Mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9436
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Haili Zhang ◽  
Kadirya Parhat ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Mingshuang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Mass Detection ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a uniquely thermogenic tissue that plays an important role in metabolism and energy expenditure, has recently become a revived target in the fight against metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Different from white adipose tissue (WAT), the brown adipocytes have distinctive features including multilocular lipid droplets, a large number of mitochondria, and a high expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), as well as abundant capillarity. These histologic characteristics provide an opportunity to differentiate BAT from WAT using imaging modalities, such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRI, NIRF and Ultrasound. However, most of the reported imaging methods were BAT activation dependent, and the imaging signals could be affected by many factors, including environmental temperatures and the states of the sympathetic nervous system. Accurate BAT mass detection methods that are independent of temperature and hormone levels have the capacity to track the development and changes of BAT throughout the lifetime of mammals, and such methods could be very useful for the investigation of potential BAT-related therapies. In this review, we focus on molecular imaging modalities that can detect and quantify BAT mass. In addition, their detection mechanism and limitations will be discussed as well.

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