scholarly journals Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8855
Author(s):  
Massimo De Martinis ◽  
Alessandro Allegra ◽  
Maria Maddalena Sirufo ◽  
Alessandro Tonacci ◽  
Giovanni Pioggia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

Vitamin D (VD) is essential for bone homeostasis, but it is also involved in pleiotropic effects on various organs and tissues. In adults, VD deficiency can cause or exacerbate osteoporosis and induce osteomalacia. However, every tissue and cell in the body has a VD receptor, including the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, gonads, and immune cells, and a deficiency may modify the function of these organs. Thus, the wide-ranging actions of VD help to explain why a reduction in VD amount has been correlated with numerous chronic diseases. In fact, VD deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis and several other diseases and complications characterized by impaired bone metabolisms, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, allergy, endocrinological diseases, hematological malignancies, and bone marrow transplantation. This review aims to investigate the link between VD deficiency, osteoporosis, and its concomitant diseases. Further epidemiological and mechanistic studies are necessary in order to ascertain the real role of hypovitaminosis in causing the reported diseases; however, adequate vitamin supplementation and restoration of metabolic normality could be useful for better management of these pathologies.

scholarly journals The role of vitamin D in selected autoimmune diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wiśniewska ◽  
Alicja Szypowska
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Autoimmune Reaction ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The authors of recently published scientific papers are focusing increasingly often on the effect of vitamin D on immune processes. In the case of deficiencies of this vitamin, an imbalance in the immune system is observed, which is associated with the intensification of the inflammatory reaction in the body and the increased possibility of an autoimmune reaction. Therefore, due to the growing interest of scientists in the relationship between the effects of vitamin D and the development of autoimmune diseases, this paper considers the use of Vitamin D in autoimmune therapies. However, the mechanism of vitamin D on individual autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated so far, therefore there is a need for further research. The importance of maintaining normal plasma vitamin D levels to reduce the risk of developing autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated by the authors of other studies. They showed that vitamin D levels influenced the course, severity of symptoms and frequency of relapses of autoimmune thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals Role of vitamin D derivatives in intestinal tissue of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1062-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Martinesi ◽  
Stefano Ambrosini ◽  
Cristina Treves ◽  
Ulrich Zuegel ◽  
Andreas Steinmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Vedolizumab

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Poulakos ◽  
Jade D. Machin ◽  
Julienne Pauly ◽  
Yasmin Grace
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that encompass Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In these disease states, epithelial damage of the intestinal mucosa is evident due to increased lymphocyte trafficking to the area, which affects the normal intestinal barrier function. Currently available pharmacotherapy can be limited in terms of efficacy and associated toxicities. Newer agents have emerged, including the monoclonal antibody natalizumab, which antagonizes integrin, an important component within the inflammation cascade. Natalizumab works by modulating both the GI and brain biologic responses and as a result there is risk of the opportunistic infection known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), putting patients at risk for severe disability and death. Vedolizumab, another integrin inhibitor, is selective for modulating the gut biologic response but not the brain, consequently decreasing the risk for PML. To generate information regarding the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of IBD, a literature search was conducted, yielding 7 phase I to III clinical trials. This article serves as a summary of efficacy, safety, and other relevant information from clinical studies to explore the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of CD and UC.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: beyond the NMDA receptor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wei ◽  
Lijia Chang ◽  
Kenji Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Resistant Depression ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Related Compounds

AbstractThe discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder research. (R,S)-ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of (R)-ketamine (arketamine) and (S)-ketamine (esketamine). In 2019, an esketamine nasal spray from Johnson & Johnson was approved in the United States of America and Europe for treatment-resistant depression. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies show that arketamine has greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant-like effects than esketamine in rodents, despite the lower binding affinity of arketamine for the NMDAR. In clinical trials, non-ketamine NMDAR-related compounds did not exhibit ketamine-like robust antidepressant actions in patients with depression, despite these compounds showing antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Thus, the rodent data do not necessarily translate to humans due to the complexity of human psychiatric disorders. Collectively, the available studies indicate that it is unlikely that NMDAR plays a major role in the antidepressant action of (R,S)-ketamine and its enantiomers, although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine and its enantiomers remain unclear. In this paper, we review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine and its potent enantiomer arketamine. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of the brain–gut–microbiota axis and brain–spleen axis in stress-related psychiatric disorders and in the antidepressant-like action of arketamine. Finally, we discuss the potential of arketamine as a treatment for cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and stroke.

scholarly journals Role of TGF-Beta and Smad7 in Gut Inflammation, Fibrosis and Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Carmine Stolfi ◽  
Edoardo Troncone ◽  
Irene Marafini ◽  
Giovanni Monteleone
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Gut Inflammation ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Tgf Β1

The human gastrointestinal tract contains the largest population of immune cells in the body and this is a reflection of the fact that it is continuously exposed to a myriad of dietary and bacterial antigens. Although these cells produce a variety of inflammatory cytokines that could potentially promote tissue damage, in normal conditions the mucosal immune response is tightly controlled by counter-regulatory factors, which help induce and maintain gut homeostasis and tolerance. One such factor is transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a cytokine produced by multiple lineages of leukocytes, stromal cells and epithelial cells, and virtually targets all the gut mucosal cell types. Indeed, studies in animals and humans have shown that defects in TGF-β1 production and/or signaling can lead to the development of immune-inflammatory pathologies, fibrosis and cancer in the gut. Here, we review and discuss the available evidence about the role of TGF-β1 and Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1 activity, in gut inflammation, fibrosis and cancer with particular regard to the contribution of these two molecules in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.

scholarly journals Microbiota Gut–Brain Axis in Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review with a Focus about the Relationship with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Emanuele Sinagra ◽  
Gaia Pellegatta ◽  
Valentina Guarnotta ◽  
Marcello Maida ◽  
Francesca Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

The gut microbiota is emerging as an important player in neurodevelopment and aging as well as in brain diseases including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. The complex interplay between gut microbiota and the brain, and vice versa, has recently become not only the focus of neuroscience, but also the starting point for research regarding many diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The bi-directional interaction between gut microbiota and the brain is not completely understood. The aim of this review is to sum up the evidences concerning the role of the gut–brain microbiota axis in ischemic stroke and to highlight the more recent evidences about the potential role of the gut–brain microbiota axis in the interaction between inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic stroke.

The role of macrophages in inflammatory bowel diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid E.M. Heinsbroek ◽  
Siamon Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Macrophage ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

The small and large intestine contain the largest number of macrophages in the body and these cells are strategically located directly underneath the epithelial layer, enabling them to sample the lumen. Such intestinal macrophages have a different phenotype from other tissue macrophages in that they ingest and may kill microbes but they do not mediate strong pro-inflammatory responses upon microbial recognition. These properties are essential for maintaining a healthy intestine. It is generally accepted that tolerance to the intestinal flora is lost in inflammatory bowel diseases, and genes involved in microbial recognition, killing and macrophage activation have already been associated with these diseases. In this review, we shed light on the intestinal macrophage and how it influences intestinal immunity.

scholarly journals Do Only Calcium and Vitamin D Matter? Micronutrients in the Diet of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients and the Risk of Osteoporosis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Alicja Ewa Ratajczak ◽  
Anna Maria Rychter ◽  
Agnieszka Zawada ◽  
Agnieszka Dobrowolska ◽  
Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Prevention Of Osteoporosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Extraintestinal Complications

Osteoporosis is one of the most common extraintestinal complications among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. The role of vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of a decreased bone mineral density is well known, although other nutrients, including micronutrients, are also of extreme importance. Despite the fact that zinc, copper, selenium, iron, cadmium, silicon and fluorine have not been frequently discussed with regard to the prevention of osteoporosis, it is possible that a deficiency or excess of the abovementioned elements may affect bone mineralization. Additionally, the risk of malnutrition, which is common in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, as well as the composition of gut microbiota, may be associated with micronutrients status.

scholarly journals The correlation between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid function – short review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Piekarska ◽  
Marcela Maksymowicz ◽  
Radosław Kasperski ◽  
Agata Pikulicka ◽  
Katarzyna Pacek
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Effective Prophylaxis

Vitamin D is traditionally associated with the regulation of mineral metabolism and bone homeostasis, and its deficiency is the cause of diseases such as osteoporosis or osteomalacia. However, numerous studies in recent years suggest that thanks to the common expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the cells of the body and the related additional anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic vitamin D effects, it may play a role in the development and progress of autoimmune diseases and tumors. The collected data suggest that low vitamin D levels correlate with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland and that there is a significant correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO or anti-Tg levels. However, these data are inconclusive and further research is needed to confirm this relationship and determine whether lowered vitamin D titer is the cause or rather the consequence of autoimmune thyroid disorders, and whether vitamin D supplementation could prove to be an effective prophylaxis and treatment.

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