Regeneration of Bone Defects in a Rabbit Femoral Osteonecrosis Model Using 3D-Printed Poly (Epsilon-Caprolactone)/Nanoparticulate Willemite Composite Scaffolds

Steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) is a chronic disease that leads to the destruction and collapse of bone near the joint that is subjected to weight bearing, ultimately resulting in a loss of hip and knee function. Zn2+ ions, as an essential trace element, have functional roles in improving the immunophysiological cellular environment, accelerating bone regeneration, and inhibiting biofilm formation. In this study, we reconstruct SAON lesions with a three-dimensional (3D)-a printed composite made of poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and nanoparticulate Willemite (npW). Rabbit bone marrow stem cells were used to evaluate the cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation capability of the PCL/npW composite scaffolds. The 2-month bone regeneration was assessed by a Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan and the expression of bone regeneration proteins by Western blot. Compared with the neat PCL group, PCL/npW scaffolds exhibited significantly increased cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity. This finding reveals a new concept for the design of a 3D-printed PCL/npW composite-based bone substitute for the early treatment of osteonecrosis defects.

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Improved Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Bone Defects Using 3D Printed Composite Scaffolds Functionalized with Osteoinductive Factors

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces ◽

10.1021/acsami.0c13851 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (43) ◽

pp. 48340-48356

Author(s):

Arun Kumar Teotia ◽

Kasper Dienel ◽

Irfan Qayoom ◽

Bas van Bochove ◽

Sneha Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed ◽

Rabbit Bone

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Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

Biomedical glasses ◽

10.1515/bglass-2020-0006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 57-69

Author(s):

Amirhosein Fathi ◽

Farzad Kermani ◽

Aliasghar Behnamghader ◽

Sara Banijamali ◽

Masoud Mozafari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed ◽

Co Doped

AbstractOver the last years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to produce suitable substitutes for treating bone defects. In this work, 3D printed composite scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped multi-component melt-derived bioactive glasses (BGs) were prepared for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose, 30% of as-prepared BG particles (size <38 μm) were incorporated into PCL, and then the obtained composite mix was introduced into a 3D printing machine to fabricate layer-by-layer porous structures with the size of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3.The scaffolds were fully characterized through a series of physico-chemical and biological assays. Adding the BGs to PCL led to an improvement in the compressive strength of the fabricated scaffolds and increased their hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the PCL/BG scaffolds showed apatite-forming ability (i.e., bioactivity behavior) after being immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular examinations revealed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds and confirmed them as suitable substrates for the adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, 3D printed composite scaffolds made of PCL and Sr- and Co-doped BGs might be potentially-beneficial bone replacements, and the achieved results motivate further research on these materials.

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3D-printed Poly-Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) scaffolds in non-critical bone defects impede bone regeneration in rabbit tibia bone

Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering ◽

10.3233/bme-216017 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jin Xi Lim ◽

Min He ◽

Alphonsus Khin Sze Chong

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Defect ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Control Group ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Rabbit Tibia ◽

3D Printed ◽

Critical Bone Defects

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of bone graft materials are commercially available and vary in their composition, mechanism of action, costs, and indications. OBJECTIVE: A commercially available PLGA scaffold produced using 3D printing technology has been used to promote the preservation of the alveolar socket after tooth extraction. We examined its influence on bone regeneration in long bones of New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS: 5.0-mm-diameter circular defects were created on the tibia bones of eight rabbits. Two groups were studied: (1) control group, in which the bone defects were left empty; (2) scaffold group, in which the PLGA scaffolds were implanted into the bone defect. Radiography was performed every two weeks postoperatively. After sacrifice, bone specimens were isolated and examined by micro-computed tomography and histology. RESULTS: Scaffolds were not degraded by eight weeks after surgery. Micro-computed tomography and histology showed that in the region of bone defects that was occupied by scaffolds, bone regeneration was compromised and the total bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV) was significantly lower. CONCLUSION: The implantation of this scaffold impedes bone regeneration in a non-critical bone defect. Implantation of bone scaffolds, if unnecessary, lead to a slower rate of fracture healing.

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In vivo bone regeneration assessment of offset and gradient melt electrowritten (MEW) PCL scaffolds

Biomaterials Research ◽

10.1186/s40824-020-00196-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Naghmeh Abbasi ◽

Ryan S. B. Lee ◽

Saso Ivanovski ◽

Robert M. Love ◽

Stephen Hamlet

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Size Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽

Repair Process ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Calvarial Defects ◽

Promising Solution ◽

Poly Caprolactone

Abstract Background Biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering represents a promising solution to overcome reduced residual bone volume. It has been previously demonstrated that gradient and offset architectures of three-dimensional melt electrowritten poly-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds could successfully direct osteoblast cells differentiation toward an osteogenic lineage, resulting in mineralization. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the in vivo osteoconductive capacity of PCL scaffolds with these different architectures. Methods Five different calcium phosphate (CaP) coated melt electrowritten PCL pore sized scaffolds: 250 μm and 500 μm, 500 μm with 50% fibre offset (offset.50.50), tri layer gradient 250–500-750 μm (grad.250top) and 750–500-250 μm (grad.750top) were implanted into rodent critical-sized calvarial defects. Empty defects were used as a control. After 4 and 8 weeks of healing, the new bone was assessed by micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. Results Significantly more newly formed bone was shown in the grad.250top scaffold 8 weeks post-implantation. Histological investigation also showed that soft tissue was replaced with newly formed bone and fully covered the grad.250top scaffold. While, the bone healing did not happen completely in the 250 μm, offset.50.50 scaffolds and blank calvaria defects following 8 weeks of implantation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the expression of osteogenic markers was present in all scaffold groups at both time points. The mineralization marker Osteocalcin was detected with the highest intensity in the grad.250top and 500 μm scaffolds. Moreover, the expression of the endothelial markers showed that robust angiogenesis was involved in the repair process. Conclusions These results suggest that the gradient pore size structure provides superior conditions for bone regeneration.

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Promoting bone regeneration by 3D-printed poly(glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jiec.2020.11.004 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Taegyun Yeo ◽

Young-Gwang Ko ◽

Eun Jin Kim ◽

Oh Kyoung Kwon ◽

Ho Yun Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

Hydroxyapatite Composite ◽

3D Printed

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Characterisation of bone regeneration in 3D printed ductile PCL/PEG/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with high ceramic microparticle concentrations

Biomaterials Science ◽

10.1039/d1bm01645h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Yang ◽

Chuanliang Cao ◽

Pengren Huang ◽

Aruna Prasopthum ◽

Andy James Parsons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Particle Concentration ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

Reinforced Composite ◽

3D Printed ◽

Particle Reinforced Composite ◽

Very High

3D printed bioactive glass or bioceramic particle reinforced composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering currently suffer from low particle concentration (<50 wt%) hence low osteoconductivity. Meanwhile, composites with very high...

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Biofabrication of 3D printed hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone regeneration

Biomedical Materials ◽

10.1088/1748-605x/abcf03 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yoontae Kim ◽

Eun-Jin Lee ◽

Albert V. Davydov ◽

Stanislav Frukhbeyen ◽

Jonathan E. Seppala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

Hydroxyapatite Composite ◽

3D Printed

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Toughening of Bioceramic Composites for Bone Regeneration

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5100259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 259

Author(s):

Zahid Abbas ◽

Massimiliano Dapporto ◽

Anna Tampieri ◽

Simone Sprio

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Mechanical Failure ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Regeneration Of Bone Tissue ◽

Regeneration Of Bone ◽

Inorganic Components ◽

Intense Research ◽

Strength And Toughness

Bioceramics are widely considered as elective materials for the regeneration of bone tissue, due to their compositional mimicry with bone inorganic components. However, they are intrinsically brittle, which limits their capability to sustain multiple biomechanical loads, especially in the case of load-bearing bone districts. In the last decades, intense research has been dedicated to combining processes to enhance both the strength and toughness of bioceramics, leading to bioceramic composite scaffolds. This review summarizes the recent approaches to this purpose, particularly those addressed to limiting the propagation of cracks to prevent the sudden mechanical failure of bioceramic composites.

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3D printed porous PLA/nHA composite scaffolds with enhanced osteogenesis and osteoconductivity in vivo for bone regeneration

Biomedical Materials ◽

10.1088/1748-605x/ab388d ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 065003 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Xibao Chen ◽

Chunxia Gao ◽

Jiawei Jiang ◽

Yaping Wu ◽

Peizhi Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed

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Comparative analysis of current 3D printed acetabular titanium implants

3D Printing in Medicine ◽

10.1186/s41205-019-0052-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lorenzo Dall’Ava ◽

Harry Hothi ◽

Johann Henckel ◽

Anna Di Laura ◽

Paul Shearing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Outer Surface ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

The Body ◽

Lattice Structures ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Solid Region ◽

3D Printed ◽

Measuring Machine

Abstract Background The design freedom allowed by three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the production of acetabular off-the-shelf cups with complex porous structures. The only studies on these designs are limited to clinical outcomes. Our aim was to analyse and compare the designs of different 3D printed cups from multiple manufacturers (Delta TT, Trident II Tritanium and Mpact 3D Metal). Methods We analysed the outer surface of the cups using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and assessed clinically relevant morphometric features of the lattice structures using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Dimensions related to the cup wall (solid, lattice and overall thickness) were also measured. Roundness and roughness of the internal cup surface were analysed with coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and optical profilometry. Results SEM showed partially molten titanium beads on all cups, significantly smaller on Trident II (27 μm vs ~ 70 μm, p < 0.0001). We found a spread of pore sizes, with median values of 0.521, 0.841 and 1.004 mm for Trident II, Delta TT and Mpact, respectively. Trident II was also significantly less porous (63%, p < 0.0001) than the others (Delta TT 72.3%, Mpact 76.4%), and showed the thinnest lattice region of the cup wall (1.038 mm, p < 0.0001), while Mpact exhibited the thicker solid region (4.880 mm, p < 0.0044). Similar roundness and roughness of the internal cup surfaces were found. Conclusion This was the first study to compare the designs of different 3D printed cups. A variability in the morphology of the outer surface of the cups and lattice structures was found. The existence of titanium beads on 3D printed parts is a known by-product of the manufacturing process; however, their prevalence on acetabular cups used in patients is an interesting finding, since these beads may potentially be released in the body.

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