scholarly journals Molecular Network for Regulation of Ovule Number in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12965
Author(s):  
Muslim Qadir ◽  
Xinfa Wang ◽  
Syed Rehmat Ullah Shah ◽  
Xue-Rong Zhou ◽  
Jiaqin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Ovule Number ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Or Gene

In seed-bearing plants, the ovule (“small egg”) is the organ within the gynoecium that develops into a seed after fertilization. The gynoecium located in the inner compartment of the flower turns into a fruit. The number of ovules in the ovary determines the upper limit or the potential of seed number per fruit in plants, greatly affecting the final seed yield. Ovule number is an important adaptive characteristics for plant evolution and an agronomic trait for crop improvement. Therefore, understanding the mechanism and pathways of ovule number regulation becomes a significant research aspect in plant science. This review summarizes the ovule number regulators and their regulatory mechanisms and pathways. Specially, we construct the first integrated molecular network for ovule number regulation, in which phytohormones played a central role, followed by transcription factors, enzymes, other protein and micro-RNA. Of them, AUX, BR and CK are positive regulator of ovule number, whereas GA acts negatively on it. Interestingly, many ovule number regulators have conserved functions across several plant taxa, which should be the targets of genetic improvement via breeding or gene editing. Many ovule number regulators identified to date are involved in the diverse biological process, such as ovule primordia formation, ovule initiation, patterning, and morphogenesis. The relations between ovule number and related characteristics/traits especially of gynoecium/fruit size, ovule fertility, and final seed number, as well as upcoming research questions, are also discussed. In summary, this review provides a general overview of the present finding in ovule number regulation, which represents a more comprehensive and further cognition on it.

scholarly journals Patterns of Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) Fruit and Seed Growth

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin McGarry ◽  
Jocelyn A. Ozga ◽  
Dennis M. Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Orchard Management ◽  
Dry Fruit ◽  
Fruit Mass

Saskatoon fruit are an emerging horticultural crop across the Canadian prairies. As fruit size varies greatly among cultivars, knowledge of fruit growth patterns and factors that affect fruit size can be used to establish breeding trials and develop orchard management strategies that could enhance the production of this crop. In this study, we 1) determined fruit and seed growth patterns among large-, medium-, and small-fruited cultivars of saskatoon using growing degree days to standardize time to crop development and 2) assessed the role of seed number on fruit size. Fruit growth patterns of four cultivars (Thiessen, Northline, Regent, and Smoky) were determined from weekly measurements of fresh and dry fruit mass during two consecutive seasons. These growth patterns exhibited three phases. The largest fruit at maturity were from `Thiessen', followed by `Northline', `Smoky', and `Regent', in descending order. Pedicel cross-sectional areas 1 week before maturity correlated linearly with increasing fresh and dry fruit mass and seed number per fruit. At maturity, seed number per fruit correlated linearly with fresh and dry fruit mass. `Thiessen' contained significantly more seeds per fruit (4.6) than `Northline' (3.7), `Smoky' (3.2), and `Regent' (3.2). The results of this research suggest potential areas for orchard management improvement and future research directions for saskatoon crop improvement.

Interaction Between CPPU and NAA on Fruit Thinning and Fruit Development in Selected Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513c-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Jerome Hull ◽  
John C. Neilsen ◽  
Michael Schroeder ◽  
Georg Noga
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Return Bloom

NAA is used extensively for fruit thinning of apples to increase fruit size and to promote return bloom. In some cultivars, even if thinning is achieved, fruit size at harvest may be less than expected based on crop load. CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N.-phenylurea, has been shown to increase fruit growth in apples, grapes, and kiwi. We evaluated combinations of NAA and CPPU on thinning, fruit growth and return bloom in Redchief `Delicious', `Elstar', and `Gloster'. CPPU was applied at 5 mgμL–1 (based on 0 to 10 mgμL–1 response curve) in combination with 15 mgμL–1 NAA as high-volume sprays at 7 to 10 mm KFD. Yield and fruit size distribution (on total yield) were used as index of response. In `Delicious', CPPU (3-year study) increased % large (70 mm+) fruit, but in the presence of NAA % large fruit was reduced 2 of the 3 years. CPPU did not induce significant thinning. There were no significant effects on color or soluble solids; firmness was increased slightly and seed number reduced. The L/D ratio was increased and uneven lobe and carpel development was common. CPPU had no significant effect on return bloom in presence or absence of NAA, but NAA increased bloom in both the presence and absence of CPPU. With `Elstar' (2-year study) there was no significant thinning with either chemical, but CPPU increased mean fruit size and % large (70–80 mm) fruit over nonthinned, but not significantly greater than NAA alone. There were no significant differences in firmness, color, soluble solids or seed number. NAA + CPPU did not inhibit fruit growth or cause excessive uneven carpel development. Frost damage reduced crop load in `Gloster' where results were similar to `Elstar' except seed number was reduced by the NAA + CPPU combination.

scholarly journals Genetic and signalling pathways of dry fruit size: targets for genome editing‐based crop improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1124-1140
Author(s):  
Quaid Hussain ◽  
Jiaqin Shi ◽  
Armin Scheben ◽  
Jiepeng Zhan ◽  
Xinfa Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Dry Fruit

Representation of Action is a Primary Requirement in Ontologies for Interoperating Information Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Robert M. Colomb
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Service Oriented Architecture ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Information System Engineering ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rich Data

Ontologies at the present time are generally rich data models. The interoperating information system engineering paradigm Service-Oriented Architecture recognizes that the key issue in interoperating information systems is the actions performed by these systems, not so much the data. Further, the organizationally heterogeneous nature of these interoperating systems means that the individual object is difficult to characterize by classes. This chapter investigates the problems raised by giving priority in ontology representation to individuals and actions over classes, outlining a number of significant research questions in representation languages for ontologies.

Security in Cloud of Things (CoT)

2016 ◽  
pp. 46-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashar Alohali
Keyword(s):  
System Architecture ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Virtual Domain ◽  
System Architecture Design ◽  
And Storage

With IoT era, development raises several significant research questions in terms of system architecture, design and improvement. For example; the requirement of virtual resource utilization and storage capacity necessitates making IoT applications smarter; therefore, integrate the IoT concept with cloud computing will play an important role. This is crucial because of very large amounts of data that IoT is expected to generate. The Cloud of Things (CoT) is used to connect heterogeneous physical things to the virtual domain of the cloud. Despite its numerous advantages, there are many research challenges with utilization of CoT that needs additional consideration. These include high complexity, efficiency, improving reliability, and security. This chapter introduces CoT, its features, the applications that use CoT. CoT, like all other networked functions, is vulnerable to security attacks. The security risks for CoT are listed and described. The security requirements for CoT are identified and solutions are proposed to address the various attacks on CoT and its components.

scholarly journals A Peptide Pair Coordinates Regular Ovule Initiation Patterns with Seed Number and Fruit Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (22) ◽  
pp. 4352-4361.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomi Kawamoto ◽  
Dunia Pino Del Carpio ◽  
Alexander Hofmann ◽  
Yoko Mizuta ◽  
Daisuke Kurihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Peptide Pair

Control of Meristem Size

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munenori Kitagawa ◽  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

A fascinating feature of plant growth and development is that plants initiate organs continually throughout their lifespan. The ability to do this relies on specialized groups of pluripotent stem cells termed meristems, which allow for the elaboration of the shoot, root, and vascular systems. We now have a deep understanding of the genetic networks that control meristem initiation and stem cell maintenance, including the roles of receptors and their ligands, transcription factors, and integrated hormonal and chromatin control. This review describes these networks and discusses how this knowledge is being applied to improve crop productivity by increasing fruit size and seed number.

Jonathon spot – Three factors related to incidence, fruit size, breakdown, and seed numbers

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
The One ◽  
Tree Fruits

Observations are reported which show that: (1) There is an interaction between the disorders Jonathan spot and breakdown. There is a negative correlation between them, but the same fruits tend to be susceptible to both disorders. (2) In the absence of other disorders there is a positive intercorrelation between percentage Jonathan spot, mean fruit size, and mean seed number both within and between trees. (3) In the one fruit size group on a tree, fruits with Jonathan spot have a higher mean seed number per fruit than sound fruit, and the seeds have a greater tendency to germinate. (4) Within trees, a thinning treatment which produces fruit of differing sizes but with the same seed number does not alter the percentage Jonathan spot. Between trees, a thinning treatment which produces fruit of the same size but a differing seed number results in differing levels of Jonathan spot.

Effect of blossom thinning on fruit density, fruit size and seed count of Williams' Bon Chretien and Packham's Triumph pears

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Selimi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Bud Removal

Effects on fruit density, fruit size, and fruit fertilization (seed count) of several degrees of fruit bud removal three to four weeks before bloom, was studied on Williams Bon Chretien and Packham's Triumph pears. The effects were studied in the presence or absence of cross pollination. Fruit set increased with increasing severity of blossom bud removal, indicating that poor setting was not due to faulty flowers. This was also confirmed by hand pollination of the clusters on unthinned limbs, where fruit set was much higher than on unthinned unpollinated limbs. Fruit density in Packham's was not reduced even by 80 per cent of fruit bud removal, and in Williams' fruit density was significantly reduced at 60 or 40 per cent of fruit bud removal, in a heavy or intermediate flowering years, respectively, whereas in a poor flowering year, fruit density was not significantly reduced even by 80 per cent of bud removal. Heavy thinning resulted in increased fruit size in Williams' but not in Packham's pears. Hand poIlination or bouquets increased seed number and fruit size greatly in \Villiams7 and increased seed number but not fruit size in Packham's.

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