Recent Advances in the Inhibition of the IL-4 Cytokine Pathway for the Treatment of Allergen-Induced Asthma

The IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine pathways play integral roles in stimulating IgE inflammation, with the IL-4 cytokine being a major cytokine in the etiology of thunderstorm asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. The increasing prevalence of thunderstorm asthma in the younger population and the lessening efficacy of corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatories has created a need for more effective pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the IL-4 and IL-13 pathways while highlighting and discussing the current pathway inhibitors aimed at treating thunderstorm asthma and atopic dermatitis, as well as the potential efficacy of peptide therapeutics in this field.

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Atopic dermatitis: new horizons of therapy

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2019-1-7(382)-29-32 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 29-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L. S. Kruglova ◽

E. M. Gensler

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Immune Response ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Targeted Therapy ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

New Horizons ◽

The Past

Over the past decades, the first breakthrough milestone in the treatment of severe forms of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13. This was made possible thanks to advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, the driver of which is the Th2-type immune response, which also underlies such manifestations of atopy as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and polynosis. In the case of the Th2-type immune response, cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are secreted, which are the main promoters of the inflammatory response in AD. Inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 leads to the prevention of inflammation and is an effective approach to therapy. The use of therapy aimed at inhibition of cytokines allows you to effectively cope with the manifestations of severe and moderately severe blood pressure.

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Efficacy and Safety of Crisaborole in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis With Comorbid Allergic Rhinitis or Asthma

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.141 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 147 (2) ◽

pp. AB28

Author(s):

Jonathan Spergel ◽

Michael Blaiss ◽

Peter Lio ◽

Aharon Kessel ◽

Liza Takiya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Efficacy And Safety

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Role of Superantigens in Allergic Inflammation: Their Relationship to Allergic Rhinitis, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis

American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy ◽

10.1177/1945892418801083 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 502-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽

Fazilet Altın ◽

Cemal Cingi

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Allergic Inflammation ◽

Allergic Dermatitis

Objectives Our intention was to review all material published to date regarding superantigens (SAgs) and allergy from an otorhinolaryngological viewpoint to understand this association more clearly. Methods We identified all materials published mentioning both SAg and allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic sinusitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis (AD) that are indexed on PubMed, Google, or the ProQuest Central databases. Results Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen in humans and has the ability to produce enterotoxins with superantigenic features. The inflammatory response in allergy seen in both B cell and T cell may be attributed to SAgs. Sufferers of both allergic asthma with rhinitis and AR alone produce serological evidence of immunoglobulin E formation to SAgs produced by S. aureus. Perennial AR sufferers carry S. aureus more frequently and the presence of the organism within the nasal cavity may exacerbate perennial AR. SAg produced by S. aureus potentially worsens the asthmatic inflammatory response within the airway and may lead to the airways becoming hyperresponsive, as well as possibly activating T cells if asthmatic control is poor. Staphylococcal SAgs potentially increase the risk of developing chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, additionally being a marker for more severe disease. If SAgs bring about chronic inflammatory responses in the nose and sinuses, then T cells excreting interferon-gamma may be a crucial mediator. In allergic dermatitis, S. aureus could be a key player in exacerbation of the condition. Even in younger pediatric patients with allergic dermatitis, allergic hypersensitivity to SAgs is frequent and may be a factor explaining how severe the condition becomes. Conclusion Just as SAgs are known to feature in many allergic conditions, they play their part in AR, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and AD. Further research is required before the relationship between SAgs and allergy can be adequately explained.

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ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN LIVING IN URBAN SETTINGS OF THE ALTAI REGION: A POPULATION-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Вопросы современной педиатрии ◽

10.15690/vsp.v17i3.1893 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 236-243

Author(s):

Natalia V. Shakhova ◽

Elena M. Kamaltynova ◽

Yuriy Ph. Lobanov ◽

Tatyana S. Ardatova

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Family History ◽

School Children ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

House Dust Mites ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Altai Region ◽

History Of

Background.It is necessary to study the prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis (AR) among pre-school children in order to develop a disease prevention strategy.Objective.Our aim was to study the prevalence, clinical and allergological features, and risk factors for AR in pre-school children living in urban settings of the Altai Region.Methods.At the screening stage, the study enrolled children aged 3–6 years attending pre-school educational institutions in 5 cities of the Altai Region. AR symptoms were determined using the ISAAC questionnaire. The AR was diagnosed if ≥ 2 symptoms (rhinorrhea, nasal breathing difficulty, itching in the nasal cavity, repetitive sneezing) lasted ≥ 1 h with a positive prick test and/or a blood level of specific IgE > 0.35 kU/L to at least one allergen (total 11).Results.The prevalence of AR in urban children aged 3–6 years (n = 3,205) was 10.6%; 48% of them were previously diagnosed with AR. 85% of children had a persistent course of the disease; 69% had mild AR. Most often, there was established sensitization to house dust mites (61.6%), birch pollen (40.9%), and cat fur (19.4%). The risk factors for AR were family history of allergies [odds ratio (OR) 4.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–5.9], masculine (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9–4.0), smoking parents (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.9), nonadherence to a regimen/dosage of vitamin D3 intake in infancy (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8), presence of asthma-like symptoms (OR 10.2, 95% CI 7.2–14.5), and manifestations of atopic dermatitis (OR 6.0, 95% CI 4.2–8.5).Conclusion.AR occurs in every tenth pre-school child (mainly of mild severity and persistent course), every second disease among them was diagnosed for the first time. Sensitization occurs to typical for childhood allergens. The risk factors for AR are family history of allergies, masculine, passive smoking, ignoring the recommendations of taking vitamin D3 in infancy, the presence of atopic dermatitis, and asthma-like symptoms.

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Association on serum heavy metal concentration with atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic multimorbidity, and pulmonary function

World Allergy Organization Journal ◽

10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 100172

Author(s):

Dong Keon Yon ◽

Hyun Yong Koh ◽

Jaewoo An ◽

Man Yong Han

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Pulmonary Function ◽

Metal Concentration ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration

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APPLICATION OF VITAMIN D IN DIFFERENT DOSAGE TO TREAT CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIC DISEASES

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202007114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 1377-1383

Author(s):

Olexandra V. Tiazhka ◽

Zoriana V. Selska

Keyword(s):

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Acute Disease ◽

Disease Remission ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Doses

The aim: To study the dynamics of the level of 25(ОН)D, ІL-4, ІL-10, and IgG in the blood serum of children with allergic diseases and to study the clinical effect of vitamin D3 administration n different dosage in this category of patients. Materials and methods: 153 children aged 3-16 with such allergic diseases as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis have been examined. The level of 25(ОН) D was determined using the electrochemiluminescence method, while the levels of ІL-4, ІL-10 and IgG were assessed using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: In the contrasting of the initial level of 25(ОН)D in the blood serum of patients after administration of 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 over 2 months, after summer and after treatment with cholecalciferol in higher doses (4,000–5,000 IU) over 2 months, significant difference was established between the indicators by the Friedman criterion (λ2 = 41.211; P < 0.05). In the similar contrasting of ІL-4 indicators, a significant difference between them was traced (P < 0.05) in the period of acute disease as well as the downward tendency in the period of remission. In the similar contrasting of ІL-10 indicators, a significant difference between them was traced (P < 0.05) in the acute period and in the period of disease remission. In the similar contrasting of IgG indicators, a downward tendency was traced in the period of acute disease and significant decrease (P < 0.05) – in the period of disease remission. In the contrasting of 25(ОН)D and ІL-4, ІL-10 figures a strong reverse correlation relationship was traced. The therapeutic effect of the administration of vitamin D3 medication in different doses in children with allergic diseases was traced. Conclusions: The data obtained shows that in the treatment of children with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis the complex therapy should include vitamin D3 medications in different doses within a long-term course of treatment.

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