scholarly journals Pest Management Challenges and Control Practices in Codling Moth: A Review

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kadoić Balaško ◽  
Renata Bažok ◽  
Katarina M. Mikac ◽  
Darija Lemic ◽  
Ivana Pajač Živković
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Proactive Management

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a serious insect pest in pome fruit production worldwide with a preference for apple. The pest is known for having developed resistance to several chemical groups of insecticides, making its control difficult. The control and management of the codling moth is often hindered by a lack of understanding about its biology and ecology, including aspects of its population genetics. This review summarizes the information about the origin and biology of the codling moth, describes the mechanisms of resistance in this pest, and provides an overview of current research of resistant pest populations and genetic research both in Europe and globally. The main focus of this review is on non-pesticide control measures and anti-resistance strategies which help to reduce the number of chemical pesticides used and their residues on food and the local environment. Regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is essential for proactive management to mitigate potential insecticide resistance. Here we describe techniques for the detection of resistant variants and possibilities for monitoring resistance populations. Also, we present our present work on developing new methods to maintain effective control using appropriate integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies for this economically important perennial pest.

Evaluation of a non-chemical disinfestation treatment on quality of pome fruit and mortality of lepidopterous pests

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chervin ◽  
S. L. Kreidl ◽  
P. R. Franz ◽  
A. J. Hamilton ◽  
S. R. Whitmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Lightbrown Apple Moth ◽  
Time Required

Australian pome fruit exports to northern America and Japan are rejected if they contain lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker) or codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus) respectively. A warm controlled atmosphere (CA) disinfestation treatment (72 h at 28˚C at 0, 1 or 2 kPa O2 ), followed by varying lengths of cold storage (5 weeks, 10 weeks or 6 months), is described. Four cultivars were studied: Packham’s Triumph pears (Pyrus communis Linnaeus); Royal Gala; Fuji and Pink Lady apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Consumer panels found that fruit subjected to the 2 kPa O2 warm CA treatment and cold storage were as acceptable as control fruit. This is an important finding as previously published results for a harsher treatment described treated fruit (especially Pink Lady) as being less acceptable than controls. Some advanced ripening was observed for treated Packham’s Triumph pears. After 5 and 10 weeks cold storage, treated Royal Gala apples were generally firmer than the controls. Insects were also subjected to the 2 kPa O2 warm CA treatment. The most tolerant life stage (MTS) of lightbrown apple moth was the sixth instar with an LT95 of 37 days cold storage (0.5˚C) after the 2 kPa O2 warm CA treatment. Comparison with previous research suggests that the 2 kPa O2 warm CA treatment approximately halves the time required in cold storage for effective control of late instar lightbrown apple moth. A LT95 of 81 days was achieved for fifth instar codling moths (considered to be the MTS) and this may need to be reduced for export to Japan. Preliminary observations suggested that there may not be substantial difference between the resistance of non-diapausing and pre-diapausing codling moth larvae to the warm CA followed by cold treatment.

scholarly journals Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Is Highly Infectious to Codling Moth Larvae and Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg T. Wennmann ◽  
Marina Eigenbrod ◽  
Tamryn Marsberg ◽  
Sean D. Moore ◽  
Caroline M. Knox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Cydia Pomonella Granulovirus

ABSTRACT Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a cornerstone of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control in integrated and organic pome fruit production, though different types of resistance to CpGV products have been recorded in codling moth field populations in Europe for several years. Recently, a novel baculovirus named Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) was isolated from a laboratory culture of the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica, in South Africa. Along with CpGV, it is the third known baculovirus that is infectious to codling moth. In the present study, parameters of infectiveness of CrpeNPV, such as the median lethal concentration and median survival time, were determined for codling moth larvae susceptible or resistant to CpGV. In addition, the permissiveness of a codling moth cell line with respect to infection by CrpeNPV budded virus was demonstrated by infection and gene expression studies designed to investigate the complete replication cycle. Investigations of the high degree of virulence of CrpeNPV for codling moth larvae and cells are of high significant scientific and economic value and may offer new strategies for the biological control of susceptible and resistant populations of codling moth. IMPORTANCE The emergence of codling moth populations resistant to commercially applied isolates of CpGV is posing an imminent threat to organic pome fruit production. Very few CpGV isolates are left that are able to overcome the reported types of resistance, emphasizing the demand for new and highly virulent baculoviruses. Here we report the recently discovered CrpeNPV as highly infectious to all types of resistant codling moth populations with a high speed of killing, making it a promising candidate baculovirus in fighting the spread of resistant codling moth populations.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Selective Signature Analysis Revealed Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Cydia pomonella

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Wen-Ting Dai ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Li-Ping Ban
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Glycine Receptor ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Cross Resistance

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), is a serious invasive pest of pome fruits. Currently, C. pomonella management mainly relies on the application of insecticides, which have driven the development of resistance in the insect. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of insecticide resistance is of great significance for developing new pest resistance management techniques and formulating effective resistance management strategies. Using existing genome resequencing data, we performed selective sweep analysis by comparing two resistant strains and one susceptible strain of the insect pest and identified seven genes, among which, two (glycine receptor and glutamate receptor) were under strong insecticide selection, suggesting their functional importance in insecticide resistance. We also found that eight genes including CYP6B2, CYP307a1, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, cuticle protein, and acetylcholinesterase, are potentially involved in cross-resistance to azinphos-methyl and deltamethrin. Moreover, among several P450s identified as positively selected genes, CYP6B2, CYP4C1, and CYP4d2 showed the highest expression level in larva compared to other stages tested, and CYP6B2 also showed the highest expression level in midgut, supporting the roles they may play in insecticide metabolism. Our results provide several potential genes that can be studied further to advance understanding of complexity of insecticide resistance mechanisms in C. pomonella.

scholarly journals Monthly Weather Forecasts in a Pest Forecasting Context: Downscaling, Recalibration, and Skill Improvement

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hirschi ◽  
Christoph Spirig ◽  
Andreas P. Weigel ◽  
Pierluigi Calanca ◽  
Jörg Samietz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Weather Information ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Resampling Procedure ◽  
Skill Improvement

AbstractMonthly weather forecasts (MOFCs) were shown to have skill in extratropical continental regions for lead times up to 3 weeks, in particular for temperature and if weekly averaged. This skill could be exploited in practical applications for implementations exhibiting some degree of memory or inertia toward meteorological drivers, potentially even for longer lead times. Many agricultural applications fall into these categories because of the temperature-dependent development of biological organisms, allowing simulations that are based on temperature sums. Most such agricultural models require local weather information at daily or even hourly temporal resolution, however, preventing direct use of the spatially and temporally aggregated information of MOFCs, which may furthermore be subject to significant biases. By the example of forecasting the timing of life-phase occurrences of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), which is a major insect pest in apple orchards worldwide, the authors investigate the application of downscaled weekly temperature anomalies of MOFCs for use in an impact model requiring hourly input. The downscaling and postprocessing included the use of a daily weather generator and a resampling procedure for creating hourly weather series and the application of a recalibration technique to correct for the original underconfidence of the forecast occurrences of codling moth life phases. Results show a clear skill improvement of up to 3 days in root-mean-square error over the full forecast range when incorporating MOFCs as compared with deterministic benchmark forecasts using climatological information for predicting the timing of codling moth life phases.

scholarly journals New Tools for Conservation Biological Control: Testing Ant-Attracting Artificial Nectaries to Employ Ants as Plant Defenders

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Enrico Schifani ◽  
Cristina Castracani ◽  
Daniele Giannetti ◽  
Fiorenza Augusta Spotti ◽  
Roberto Reggiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Venturia Pyrina

Knowledge of the role of ants in many agroecosystems is relatively scarce, and in temperate regions the possibility to exploit ants as biocontrol agents for crop protection is still largely unexplored. Drawing inspiration from mutualistic ant–plant relationships mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), we tested the use of artificial nectaries (ANs) in order to increase ant activity on pear trees and to evaluate the effects on the arthropods, plant health and fruit production. While EFNs secrete a complex solution mainly composed of sugars and amino acids, ANs were filled with water and sucrose only. The results suggest that ANs can be used as manipulative instruments to increase ant activity over long periods of time. High ant activity was significantly linked to lower incidence of the pathogen fungus Venturia pyrina (pear scab) on pear leaves, and of the presence of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) caterpillars on pear fruit production. These results further encourage exploring underrated possibilities in the development of new tools for conservation biological control (CBC).

scholarly journals Genome Analysis of A Novel South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-SA) with Resistance-Breaking Potential

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boitumelo Motsoeneng ◽  
Michael D. Jukes ◽  
Caroline M. Knox ◽  
Martin P. Hill ◽  
Sean D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Type I ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Resistance Breaking ◽  
Cydia Pomonella Granulovirus

The complete genome of an endemic South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus isolate was sequenced and analyzed. Several missing or truncated open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including a 24 bp deletion in the pe38 gene which is reported to be associated with type I resistance-breaking potential. Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with five other fully sequenced CpGV isolates identified 67 unique events, 47 of which occurred within ORFs, leading to several amino acid changes. Further analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNVs) within CpGV-SA revealed that this isolate consists of mixed genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis using complete genome sequences placed CpGV-SA basal to M, I12 and E2 and distal to S and I07 but with no distinct classification into any of the previously defined CpGV genogroups. These results suggest that CpGV-SA is a novel and genetically distinct isolate with significant potential as a biopesticide for management of codling moth (CM), not only in South Africa, but potentially in other pome fruit producing countries, particularly where CM resistance to CpGV has been reported.

CODLING MOTH: A PILOT PROGRAM OF CONTROL BY STERILE INSECT RELEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Proverbs ◽  
J. R. Newton ◽  
C. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps ◽  
Sterile Insect Release

AbstractCodling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), control by sterile insect release (SIR) was assessed in 320–526 ha of apples and pears in the Similkameen Valley, B.C., from 1976 to 1978. In preparation for SIR, the moth population was first reduced to low numbers by removal of neglected trees in 1972 and by chemical sprays in 1975. Sterile (35 krad) male and female moths were released in each orchard 2 or 3 times weekly from 1 May until early September. A total of 23,600 sterile moths/ha was released in 1976, 36,500 in 1977, and 31,800 in 1978. Populations of sterile (marked) and wild moths were monitored by sex pheromone traps, and damage was assessed by fruit examination at harvest. Control was very good except for a few orchards in which overwintered populations were too high to achieve adequate overflooding with sterile moths. Damage exceeded the economic threshold (0.5%) in only 1 of 86 treated orchards in 1976, in 6 of 193 orchards in 1977, and in 0 of 157 orchards in 1978. Results in 32 orchards showed that when wild populations are brought close to extinction all codling moth control measures can be omitted for 2 or more years depending on degree of orchard isolation. Omission of codling moth sprays from 1976 to 1978 did not result in any important change in population levels of other apple pests. Cost of control by SIR was ca. $225/ha per year vs. ca. $95 for chemical control.

Efficacy and Economics of Codling Moth Control in Organic and Conventional Pome Fruit Production

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Rader ◽  
Ronald H. Walser ◽  
Clive D. Jorgensen ◽  
C. Frank Williams ◽  
Tim. D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pome Fruit

scholarly journals Economic Impact of a Potential Expansion of Pest Infestation: Apple Maggot in Washington State

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Mike Willett
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is an insect pest of apple (Malus domestica) that is currently limited in extent in the commercial production areas of Washington State thanks to a quarantine program. We estimate the costs to the Washington economy if this pest were to spread more widely. Apple maggot control costs are related to the pressure of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the most prevalent insect pest in commercial apple production in Washington State. It was found that the losses for the Washington apple industry’s range from $510 million to $557 million, depending on the codling moth pressure. Our findings underscore the importance of an efficient quarantine program that minimized the risk of spreading the pest along with additional costs associated with quarantined areas.

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