Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Mortality in Spain: A Predictive Model up to 2044

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignancies worldwide and are, worryingly, increasing in incidence. However, data in the literature on NMSC specific mortality are scarce, because these tumors are excluded from most mortality registries. The main objective of this study is to analyze NMSC’s mortality rates and use them to generate a predictive model for the coming years in Spain. Data on mid-year population and death certificates for the period 1979–2019 were obtained from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. The Nordpred program (Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway) within statistical program R was used to calculate mortality adjusted rates, as well as the mortality projection with an age-period-cohort model. This is the first study to report a prediction about NMSC mortality in the next years. According to our findings, the number of NMSC deaths in older people will grow in both sexes, especially in those older than >85 years old (y.o.). The age-specific mortality rates of NMSC will tend to stabilize or gradually decrease, with the exception of women between 75–79 y.o., who will present a slight increase at the end of the period. Early prevention and screening of NMSC specifically oriented to this population might change this tendency.

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Surgical Management of Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers

10.2310/surg.2038 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer A. Wargo ◽

Kenneth Tenabe

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Stage Iv Melanoma ◽

Melanoma Skin

The prevalence of malignant skin cancers has increased significantly over the past several years. Approximately 1.2 million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are diagnosed per year. More alarming, up to 80,000 cases of melanoma are diagnosed per year, an incidence that has been steadily increasing, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 50 for the development of melanoma. The disturbing increase in the incidence of both non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma can largely be attributed to the social attitude toward sun exposure. The clinical assessment and management of skin lesions can be challenging. This review describes the assessment process, including thorough history and examination; the need for possible biopsy; and excision criteria. Specific types of skin cancer are distinguished and include basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; and melanoma; and for each type the incidence; epidemiology; histologic subtypes; diagnosis; and both surgical and non-surgical treatments are provided. Stages I-IV of melanoma are detailed, with prognostic factors described. Surgical treatment for stages I and II include description of the margins of excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The surgical treatment of Stage III melanoma further includes therapeutic lymph node dissection and isolated limb perfusion. Adjuvant therapies are also presented and include radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The additional treatment of metastasectomy for Stage IV melanoma is described. For both Stage III and IV melanoma, the study of vaccines to host immune cells is reported. For Stage IV melanoma, the text also describes immunotherapy treatment. Operative procedures specific to superficial and deep groin dissections are outlined. This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables, and 96 references.

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Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Review of Current Evidence

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.734354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Connor J. Stonesifer ◽

A. Reza Djavid ◽

Joseph M. Grimes ◽

Alexandra E. Khaleel ◽

Yssra S. Soliman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cutaneous Melanoma ◽

Clinical Evidence ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Checkpoint Inhibition ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Melanoma Patients ◽

Melanoma Skin

Immuno-oncology is a rapidly evolving field with growing relevance in the treatment of numerous malignancies. The prior study of immunotherapy in dermatologic oncology has largely focused on cutaneous melanoma. However, recent focus has shifted to the use of immunotherapy to treat non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). NMSCs represent the most ubiquitous cancers globally and, while they have a lower propensity to develop into advanced disease than cutaneous melanoma, their absolute mortality burden has recently surpassed that of melanoma. Patients with advanced NMSC are now benefiting from the successes of immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we discuss the existing clinical evidence for immunotherapy in the treatment of NMSCs, with an emphasis on checkpoint inhibitor therapies. We highlight key studies in the field and provide up-to-date clinical evidence regarding ongoing clinical trials, as well as future study directions. Our review demonstrates that checkpoint inhibitors are positioned to provide unparalleled results in the previously challenging landscape of advanced NMSC treatment.

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Skin cancer

10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0259 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rubeta Matin ◽

Jane McGregor ◽

Catherine Harwood

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cutaneous Metastasis ◽

Primary Malignancy ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Cutaneous Lymphomas ◽

The Uk ◽

Late Stages ◽

Melanoma Skin

Skin cancer is very common in the UK, and its incidence is rising rapidly. There are two broad classes of primary skin cancer: non-melanoma and melanoma. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the commonest form (100 000 cases diagnosed annually in the UK), accounting for nine out of ten skin cancers and includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cutaneous melanoma is less common (10 000 cases diagnosed in the UK annually) but confers a significantly worse prognosis and accounts for 75% of skin cancer related deaths. There are also a number of other, rarer, non-melanoma skin cancers (e.g. appendageal carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinoma, sarcomas, vascular malignancies, and cutaneous lymphomas); however, these account for less than 1% of all skin cancers in the UK and so will not be specifically discussed in this chapter. Cutaneous metastases can occur secondary to any internal cancer or, indeed, to skin cancer (e.g. melanoma). In most cases, cutaneous metastasis occurs after the diagnosis of a primary cancer and usually in late stages of the disease but, in some cases, it may be the first presentation, in which case it should prompt a thorough investigation for the primary malignancy.

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Cancer survival in kidney transplant recipients in Ireland

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

pp. 1802-1810

Author(s):

Susan L Murray ◽

Eamonn O’Leary ◽

Áine M De Bhailís ◽

Sandra Deady ◽

Fergus E Daly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

General Population ◽

Kidney Transplant ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Cancer Specific Mortality ◽

Melanoma Skin

Abstract Background Transplantation is a well-known risk factor for malignancy. However, outcomes of cancer in transplant recipients compared with non-transplant recipients are less well studied. We aim to study the survival in kidney transplant recipients who develop cancer and compare this with cancer outcomes in the general population. Methods We linked data from the National Cancer Registry Ireland with the National Kidney Transplant Database. The period of observation was from 1 January 1994 until 31 December 2014. Transplant recipients were considered at risk from the time of diagnosing cancer. We administratively censored data at 10 years post-cancer diagnosis. Survival was compared with all patients in the general population that had a recorded diagnosis of cancer. Results There were 907 renal transplant recipients and 426679 individuals in the general population diagnosed with cancer between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2014. In those with non-melanoma skin cancer, the hazard ratio (HR) for 10-year, all-cause mortality [HR = 3.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.66–3.52] and cancer-specific mortality (HR = 3.91, 95% CI 2.57–5.96) was significantly higher among transplant recipients than the general population. Patients who developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.96–4.25) and prostate cancer (HR = 4.32, 95% CI 2.39–7.82) had increased all-cause but not cancer-specific mortality. Colorectal, lung, breast and renal cell cancer did not show an increased risk of death in transplant recipients. Conclusion Cancer-attributable mortality is higher in kidney transplant recipients with non-melanoma skin cancer compared with non-transplant patients. The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging should reflect the increased hazard of death in these immunosuppressed patients.

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Non-melanoma skin cancer and premalignant conditions

10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 69-78

Author(s):

Barbara Jemec ◽

Gregor B.E. Jemec

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Basal Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Merkel Cell ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Carcinoma Squamous Cell ◽

Non Surgical Treatment ◽

Melanoma Skin

This chapter describes the diagnosis, non-surgical treatment, and surgical treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and others.

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On the Relation Between Non-melanoma Skin Cancer and All-cause Mortality Rates

Acta Dermato Venereologica ◽

10.2340/00015555-1017 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 210-210

Author(s):

W Grant

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Melanoma Skin

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The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83502-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Ciążyńska ◽

Grażyna Kamińska-Winciorek ◽

Dariusz Lange ◽

Bogumił Lewandowski ◽

Adam Reich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Clinical Analysis ◽

Tumour Site ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

The Face ◽

Melanoma Skin

AbstractNon-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies diagnosed in Caucasian populations. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Unfortunately, most European cancer registries do not record individual types of NMSC. To evaluate the incidence of primary BCCs and SCCs regarding age, sex, tumour site and tumour subtype to determine trends in epidemiology of both cancers. Retrospective analysis of BCCs and SCCs diagnosed and treated across seven sites in Poland from 1999 to 2019. We recorded 13,913 NMSCs occurring in 10,083 patients. BCC represented 85.2% of all cases. SCC patients were older than BCC patients (77.1 ± 11.3 years vs. 70.1 ± 12.3 years, p < 0.01). The nodular subtype was the most common subtype of BCC, followed by the superficial and infiltrative subtypes. The superficial BCC subtype was more common on photoprotected areas (p < 0.01), whereas the nodular BCC subtype occurred on the face (p < 0.01). The high-risk SCC subtypes were more common on face compared to low-risk SCC subtypes (p < 0.01). BCC and SCC are common malignancies developing at various ages and anatomical sites. These data underline the need for better registration policies regarding NMSC in order to improve prevention and treatment strategies for these tumours.

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Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Distribution in the Russian Federation

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000512454 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Anastasiya Muntyanu ◽

Feras M. Ghazawi ◽

Hacene Nedjar ◽

Elham Rahme ◽

Akram Alakel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Oncology Research ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Melanoma Skin

Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) incidence has been increasing steadily around the world. The aim of the study is to describe geographic trends in incidence and mortality of NMSC in Russia between 2007 and 2017 and compare findings to other European countries. Methods: We used geospatial analysis to map the incident cases and descriptive statistical analysis to analyze trends. Additionally, we assessed the relationship between ethnicity, geographic latitude/longitude, and NMSC incidence/mortality rates. We retrospectively analyzed the data from the Moscow Oncology Research Institute, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, for 2007–2017. Routine methods of descriptive epidemiology were used to study incidence and mortality rates by age groups, years, and jurisdictions (i.e., Federal Districts and Federal Subjects). Results: In total, 733,723 patients were diagnosed with NMSC in Russia over the period 2007–2017, of whom 63% were women. The overall age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 29.64/100,000 and 0.70/100,000, respectively. There was a consistent increase in age-standardized incidence rates over the study period, with a decreasing mortality rate. Geographic mapping revealed north-to-south and east-to-west gradients for NMSC. Conclusions: This study demonstrated longitudinal trends for NMSC incidence in Russia documenting that skin phototype, latitude/longitude, climate zones, and cultural practices remain dominant risk factors defining the epidemiology of NMSC. Moreover, this work identified several regions in the country (i.e., Republic of Adygea, Samara, Krasnodar Krai, etc.), where patient education/sun awareness campaigns will be useful to help reduce the risk of this malignancy.

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Preoperative AI-Driven Fluorescence Diagnosis of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics12010072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Victoriya Andreeva ◽

Evgeniia Aksamentova ◽

Andrey Muhachev ◽

Alexey Solovey ◽

Igor Litvinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Invasive Procedure ◽

Biopsy Material ◽

Fluorescence Diagnosis ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Abnormal Cells ◽

Diagnosis Method ◽

Melanoma Skin

The diagnosis and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer remain urgent problems. Histological examination of biopsy material—the gold standard of diagnosis—is an invasive procedure that requires a certain amount of time to perform. The ability to detect abnormal cells using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) has been shown in many studies. This technique is rapidly expanding due to its safety, relative cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. However, skin lesion FS-based diagnosis is challenging due to a number of single overlapping spectra emitted by fluorescent molecules, making it difficult to distinguish changes in the overall spectrum and the molecular basis for it. We applied deep learning (DL) algorithms to quantitatively assess the ability of FS to differentiate between pathologies and normal skin. A total of 137 patients with various forms of primary and recurrent basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were observed by a multispectral laser-based device with a built-in neural network (NN) “DSL-1”. We measured the fluorescence spectra of suspected non-melanoma skin cancers and compared them with “normal” skin spectra. These spectra were input into DL algorithms to determine whether the skin is normal, pigmented normal, benign, or BCC. The preoperative differential AI-driven fluorescence diagnosis method correctly predicted the BCC lesions. We obtained an average sensitivity of 62% and average specificity of 83% in our experiments. Thus, the presented “DSL-1” diagnostic device can be a viable tool for the real-time diagnosis and guidance of non-melanoma skin cancer resection.

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RNA-seq reveals more consistent reference genes for gene expression studies in human non-melanoma skin cancers

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.3631 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e3631 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Van L.T. Hoang ◽

Lisa N. Tom ◽

Xiu-Cheng Quek ◽

Jean-Marie Tan ◽

Elizabeth J. Payne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Reference Genes ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Gene Expression Studies ◽

Melanoma Skin

Identification of appropriate reference genes (RGs) is critical to accurate data interpretation in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. In this study, we have utilised next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyse the transcriptome of a panel of non-melanoma skin cancer lesions, identifying genes that are consistently expressed across all samples. Genes encoding ribosomal proteins were amongst the most stable in this dataset. Validation of this RNA-seq data was examined using qPCR to confirm the suitability of a set of highly stable genes for use as qPCR RGs. These genes will provide a valuable resource for the normalisation of qPCR data for the analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer.

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