Is Interleukin 17 (IL-17) Expression A Common Point in the Pathogenesis of Depression and Obesity?

(1) Background: Activated immune-inflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression and pathological obesity. Obesity might promote production of cytokine interleukin 17, which plays a significant role in neuro-immune reactions. The study aimed at assessing the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and IL-17 expression, taking into account the clinical psychiatric variables in patients with depression. (2) Methods: A total of 125 participants took part in the study (95 depressed patients, 30 healthy controls). Data concerning the course of depressive disorders and BMI were collected. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess IL-17 gene expression at the mRNA levels, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess IL-17 expression at the protein level. (3) Results: Patients with more hospitalizations showed significantly higher IL-17 mRNA expression levels and higher BMI. However, no correlation between BMI and IL-17 expression was found in depressed patients. (4) Conclusions: Our study revealed that BMI does not affect IL-17 expression in patients with depression. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of IL-17 inhibition on adipose tissue and vice versa.

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Expression of Selected Genes Involved in Neurogenesis in the Etiopathogenesis of Depressive Disorders

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030168 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 168

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska ◽

Piotr Gałecki ◽

Janusz Szemraj ◽

Monika Talarowska

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Gdnf Gene ◽

Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor

(1) Background: The neurogenic theory suggests that impaired neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of the factors causing depression. Immunology also has an impact on neurotrophic factors. The aim of the study was to assess the importance of selected genes involved in the process of neurogenesis i.e., nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST gene) in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorders. (2) Methods: A total of 189 subjects took part in the study (95 depressed patients, 94 healthy controls). Sociodemographic data were collected. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RT-PCR was used to assess gene expression at the mRNA levels, while Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to assess gene expression at the protein level. (3) Results: Expression of NGF, BDNF, REST genes is lower in depressed patients than in the control group, whereas the expression of GDNF gene is higher in patients with depressive disorders than in the group of healthy volunteers. (4) Conclusions: The expression of selected genes might serve as a biomarker of depression.

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Prenatal Glucocorticoid Administration Accelerates Maturation in the Hepatocytes of Fetal Rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-235968/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tsukasa Kobayashi ◽

Yuko Takeba ◽

Yuki Ohta ◽

Masanori Ootaki ◽

Keisuke Kida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Production ◽

Cyclin B ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Fetal Rats ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Hepatocyte Growth

Abstract Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) is clinically administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for maturation of the cardiopulmonary function. Preterm and low birth weight infants often experience liver dysfunction after birth because the liver is immature. However, the effects of prenatal GC administration on the liver remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal GC administration regarding maturity of the liver in preterm rats. Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to pregnant Wistar rats on gestational day 17 and 19 before cesarean section. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then used to analyze the mRNA levels (albumin, HNF4α, HGF, Thy-1, cyclin B, and CDK1) in the liver samples. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze protein production. Hepatocyte size enlarged because of growth and administration of prenatal DEX. Albumin, HNF4α, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increased secondary to growth and administration of prenatal DEX. Cell cycle markers, cyclin B, and CDK1 gradually decreased during growth and by administration of DEX. These results suggest that prenatal GC administration achieves hepatocyte maturation via expression of HNF4α and HGF in premature fetuses.

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Prenatal Glucocorticoid Administration Accelerates the Maturation of Fetal Rat Hepatocyte

10.21203/rs.3.rs-808689/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tsukasa Kobayashi ◽

Yuko Takeba ◽

Yuki Ohta ◽

Masanori Ootaki ◽

Keisuke Kida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunohistochemical Staining ◽

Cyclin B ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Rat Hepatocyte ◽

Fetal Rat ◽

Polymerase Chain

Abstract Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) is clinically administered to pregnant women who are at risk of preterm birth for maturation of cardiopulmonary function. Preterm and low-birth-weight infants often experience liver dysfunction after birth because the liver is immature. However, the effects of prenatal GC administration on the liver remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal GC administration on the maturation of liver hepatocytes in preterm rats.Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to pregnant Wistar rats on gestational days 17 and 19 before cesarean section. Real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of albumin, HNF4α, HGF, Thy-1, cyclin B, and CDK1 in the liver samples. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to examine protein production.The hepatocytes enlarged because of growth and prenatal DEX administration. Albumin, HNF4α, and HGF levels increased secondary to growth and prenatal DEX administration. The levels of the cell cycle markers cyclin B and CDK1 gradually decreased during growth and with DEX administration.The results suggest that prenatal GC administration leads to hepatocyte maturation via expression of HNF4α and HGF in premature fetuses.

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Prenatal Glucocorticoid Administration Accelerates Maturation in The Hepatocytes of Fetal Rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-235968/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tsukasa Kobayashi ◽

Yuko Takeba ◽

Yuki Ohta ◽

Masanori Ootaki ◽

Keisuke Kida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cyclin B ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Hepatocyte Differentiation ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Fetal Rats ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Hepatocyte Growth

Abstract Preterm and low birth weight infants often experience liver dysfunction after birth because the liver is immature. As such, prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) is clinically administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for maturation of the cardiopulmonary function. However, the effects of prenatal GC administration on the liver remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal GC administration regarding maturity of the liver in preterm rats. Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to pregnant Wistar rats on gestational days 17 and 19 before cesarean section. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then used to analyze the mRNA levels (albumin, HNF4α, HGF, Thy-1, cyclin B, and CDK1) in the liver samples. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze protein produced. Hepatocyte size enlarged because of growth and administration of prenatal DEX. Albumin, HNF4α, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increased secondary to growth and administration of prenatal DEX. Cell cycle markers, Cyclin B, and CDK1 gradually decreased during growth and by administration of DEX. These results suggest that prenatal GC administration induces hepatocyte differentiation and achieves maturation via expression of HNF4α and HGF in premature fetuses.

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RFRP-3 synchronized with photoperiods regulates the seasonal reproduction of striped hamsters

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199421000496 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Huiliang Xue ◽

Jinhui Xu ◽

Lei Chen ◽

Lei Zhao ◽

Ming Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽

Neuron Activity ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Seasonal Reproduction ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Long Day ◽

Polymerase Chain

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RFRP-3 synchronized with photoperiods on regulating the seasonal reproduction of striped hamsters. The striped hamsters were raised separately under long-day (LD; 16 h light/8 h dark), medium-day (MD; 12 h light/12 h dark) or short-day (SD; 8 h light/16 h dark) conditions for 8 weeks. RFRP-3 and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, testis or ovaries in three groups were detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Melatonin (MLT), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in serum were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between RFRP-3 and GnRH mRNA and FSH and LH concentrations was also analyzed. MLT negatively regulated the expression of RFRP-3. Significant differences for RFRP-3 mRNA existed in the three groups, which positively correlated with the GnRH and the FSH and LH concentrations. RFRP-3 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were significantly higher than those in ovaries or testis. RFRP-3 levels in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in female than in male under SD conditions, while those in ovaries were significantly higher than those in testes under LD conditions. MLT decreased RFRP neuron activity, and RFRP-3 regulated the reproduction of striped hamsters.

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Upregulation of the miRNA-155, miRNA-210, and miRNA-20b in psoriasis patients and their relation to IL-17

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1177/2058738420933742 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 205873842093374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed El-Komy ◽

Iman Amin ◽

Marwa Safwat El-Hawary ◽

Dina Saadi ◽

Olfat Shaker

Keyword(s):

Serum Levels ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Elisa Technique ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

The Relationship

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, with genetic background and triggering environmental factors; however, several gaps are still present in understanding the intertwined relationship between these elements. Epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs (miRNAs), play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The relationship between interleukin (IL)-17, a key cytokine in psoriasis, and these epigenetic mechanisms still needs to be elucidated. This study aimed at assessing the expression of miRNA-155, miRNA-210, and miRNA-20b in skin and sera of psoriasis patients in relation to IL-17 levels. For 20 psoriasis patients and 20 matching controls, the expression of miRNA-155, miRNA-210, and miRNA-20b was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas IL-17/IL-17A levels were measured using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. MiRNA-155 expression was significantly higher in lesional skin compared to controls ( P = 0.001). MiRNA-210 expression was significantly higher in both, lesional skin ( P = 0.010) and sera of patients ( P = 0.001) in comparison with controls. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between serum miRNA-210 expression and serum levels of IL-17/IL-17A ( P = 0.010, rs = 0.562). MiRNA-20b lesional and non-lesional expression was significantly higher than controls ( P < 0.001; P = 0.018). In conclusion, the expression of miRNA-155, miRNA-210, and miRNA-20b is exaggerated in psoriasis and they may be involved in disease pathogenesis. A possible relationship between miRNA-210 and IL-17 may be suggested; however, further studies are still needed to verify this relation.

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MiR-125a-5p Alleviates Dysfunction and Inflammation of Pentylenetetrazol- induced Epilepsy Through Targeting Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IV (CAMK4)

Current Neurovascular Research ◽

10.2174/1567202616666190906125444 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 365-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Qishuai Liu ◽

Li Wang ◽

Guizhen Yan ◽

Weifa Zhang ◽

Zhigang Huan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Target Gene ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Dependent Protein Kinase ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Dependent Protein ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

The Relationship

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are known to play a key role in the etiology and treatment of epilepsy through controlling the expression of gene. However, miR-125a-5p in the epilepsy is little known. Epilepsy in rat models was induced by Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and miR- 125a-5p profiles in the hippocampus were investigated in our experiment. Also, the relationship between miR-125a-5p and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) was identified and the related mechanism was also illustrated. Methods: The miR-125a-5p mRNA expression levels were evaluated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western Blot (WB) was used to analyze the CAMK4 protein expression levels. Seizure score, latency and duration were determined based on a Racine scale. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the inflammatory factor expression. The relationship between miR-125a-5p and CAMK4 was detected through dual luciferase assay. Results: Downregulation of miR-125a-5p was observed in the hippocampus of PTZ-induced epilepsy rats. The overexpression of miR-125a-5p attenuated seizure and decreased inflammatory factor level in the hippocampus of PTZ-induced rats. The miR-125a-5p alleviated epileptic seizure and inflammation in PTZ-induced rats by suppressing its target gene, CAMK4. Conclusion: miR-125a-5p may represent a novel therapeutic treatment for PTZ-induced epilepsy by preventing the activation of CAMK4.

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Evaluation of Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000517003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Salman Khan ◽

Syed Asad Ali Shah ◽

Syed Muhammad Jamal

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Viral Genome ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Kappa Value ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Pcr Assays ◽

Level Of Agreement

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of the disease is essential for the implementation of effective control measures. This study compared sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of FMD. Methods: A total of 60 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD were tested using both S-ELISA and RT-PCR assays. The level of agreement between the assays was assessed by calculating the Kappa value. Results: S-ELISA detected 38 (63%) samples positive for FMD virus (FMDV). Being predominant, serotype O was detected in 22 (57.9%) of the total samples tested positive, whereas 9 (23.7%) and 7 (18.4%) samples were found positive for serotypes A and Asia-1, respectively. RT-PCR detected viral genome in 51 (85%) of the samples using pan-FMDV primers set, 1F/1R. Thirty-six samples were found positive and 7 negative by both the tests. The level of agreement between the tests was assessed by calculating the Kappa value, which was found to be fair (Kappa value = 0.303 and 95% CI = 0.089; 0.517) and significant (p = 0.009). However, 2 samples, which were found positive on S-ELISA tested negative on RT-PCR. This may be attributed to the presence of nucleotide mismatch(es) in the primer-binding sites that may have resulted in failure of amplification of the viral genome. The serotype-specific RT-PCR assays not only confirmed serotyping results of S-ELISA but were also able to establish serotype in 9 S-ELISA-negative but pan-FMDV RT-PCR-positive samples. Conclusions: The RT-PCR assay contributes significantly to establishing a quick, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of FMD in resource-constrained countries. Samples giving negative results in S-ELISA should be tested in RT-PCR for the disease detection and virus typing.

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Monitoring Current-Season Spread of Potato virus Y in Potato Fields Using ELISA and Real-Time RT-PCR

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-12-0283-re ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (5) ◽

pp. 641-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Manphool S. Fageria ◽

Mathuresh Singh ◽

Upeksha Nanayakkara ◽

Yvan Pelletier ◽

Xianzhou Nie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Potato Virus ◽

Potato Virus Y ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Current Season ◽

Seed Market ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Time Of Harvest

The current-season spread of Potato virus Y (PVY) was investigated in New Brunswick, Canada, in 11 potato fields planted with six different cultivars in 2009 and 2010. In all, 100 plants selected from each field were monitored for current-season PVY infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Average PVY incidence in fields increased from 0.6% in 2009 and 2% in 2010 in the leaves to 20.3% in 2009 and 21.9% in 2010 in the tubers at the time of harvest. In individual fields, PVY incidence in tubers reached as high as 37% in 2009 and 39% in 2010 at the time of harvest. Real-time RT-PCR assay detected more samples with PVY from leaves than did ELISA. A higher number of positive samples was also detected with real-time RT-PCR from growing tubers compared with the leaves collected from the same plant at the same sampling time. PVY incidence determined from the growing tubers showed a significant positive correlation with the PVY incidence of tubers after harvest. Preharvest testing provides another option to growers to either top-kill the crop immediately to secure the seed market when the PVY incidence is low or leave the tubers to develop further for table or processing purposes when incidence of PVY is high.

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Methylome-wide change associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy in depressed patients

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01474-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lea Sirignano ◽

Josef Frank ◽

Laura Kranaster ◽

Stephanie H. Witt ◽

Fabian Streit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Cpg Sites ◽

Cpg Site ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Resistant Depression ◽

Functional Pathway ◽

Regional Analyses ◽

The Relationship

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a quick-acting and powerful antidepressant treatment considered to be effective in treating severe and pharmacotherapy-resistant forms of depression. Recent studies have suggested that epigenetic mechanisms can mediate treatment response and investigations about the relationship between the effects of ECT and DNA methylation have so far largely taken candidate approaches. In the present study, we examined the effects of ECT on the methylome associated with response in depressed patients (n = 34), testing for differentially methylated CpG sites before the first and after the last ECT treatment. We identified one differentially methylated CpG site associated with the effect of ECT response (defined as >50% decrease in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, HDRS), TNKS (q < 0.05; p = 7.15 × 10−8). When defining response continuously (ΔHDRS), the top suggestive differentially methylated CpG site was in FKBP5 (p = 3.94 × 10−7). Regional analyses identified two differentially methylated regions on chromosomes 8 (Šídák’s p = 0.0031) and 20 (Šídák’s p = 4.2 × 10−5) associated with ΔHDRS. Functional pathway analysis did not identify any significant pathways. A confirmatory look at candidates previously proposed to be involved in ECT mechanisms found CpG sites associated with response only at the nominally significant level (p < 0.05). Despite the limited sample size, the present study was able to identify epigenetic change associated with ECT response suggesting that this approach, especially when involving larger samples, has the potential to inform the study of mechanisms involved in ECT and severe and treatment-resistant depression.

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