scholarly journals Conductive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Current State and Future Outlook

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Damion T. Dixon ◽  
Cheryl T. Gomillion
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Current State

Bone tissue engineering strategies attempt to regenerate bone tissue lost due to injury or disease. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide support, while improving tissue regeneration through amplified cellular responses between implanted materials and native tissues. Through this, scaffolds that show great osteoinductive abilities as well as desirable mechanical properties have been studied. Recently, scaffolding for engineered bone-like tissues have evolved with the use of conductive materials for increased scaffold bioactivity. These materials make use of several characteristics that have been shown to be useful in tissue engineering applications and combine them in the hope of improved cellular responses through stimulation (i.e., mechanical or electrical). With the addition of conductive materials, these bioactive synthetic bone substitutes could result in improved regeneration outcomes by reducing current factors limiting the effectiveness of existing scaffolding materials. This review seeks to overview the challenges associated with the current state of bone tissue engineering, the need to produce new grafting substitutes, and the promising future that conductive materials present towards alleviating the issues associated with bone repair and regeneration.

Conceptual design of three-dimensional scaffolds of powder-based materials for bone tissue engineering applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna Vasireddi ◽  
Bikramjit Basu
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to construct tissue-engineered bone repair scaffolds with pore size distributions using rapid prototyping techniques. Design/methodology/approach – The fabrication of porous scaffolds with complex porous architectures represents a major challenge in tissue engineering and the design aspects to mimic complex pore shape as well as spatial distribution of pore sizes of natural hard tissue remain unexplored. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the three-dimensional printing process to study its potential for scaffold fabrication as well as some innovative design of homogeneously porous or gradient porous scaffolds is described and such design has wider implication in the field of bone tissue engineering. Findings – The present work discusses biomedically relevant various design strategies with spatial/radial gradient in pore sizes as well as with different pore sizes and with different pore geometries. Originality/value – One of the important implications of the proposed novel design scheme would be the development of porous bioactive/biodegradable composites with gradient pore size, porosity, composition and with spatially distributed biochemical stimuli so that stem cells loaded into scaffolds would develop into complex tissues such as those at the bone–cartilage interface.

scholarly journals Characterization and In Vitro Assessment Of Three-Dimensional Extrusion Mg-Sr Codoped SiO2-Complexed Porous Micro-Hydroxyapatite Whisker Scaffolds For Bone Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyong Li ◽  
Tingting Yan ◽  
Zhenkai Lou ◽  
Zhimin Jiang ◽  
Zhi Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Active Elements

Abstract Background Orthopedics has made great progress with the development of medical treatment; however, large bone defects are still great challenges for orthopedic surgeons. A good bone substitute that can be obtained through bone tissue engineering may be an effective treatment method. Artificial hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bones, but its applications are limited due to its fragility and lack of bone-active elements. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce its fragility and improve its biological activity. Methods In this study, we developed micro-hydroxyapatite whiskers (mHAws), which were doped with the essential trace active elements Mg2+ and Sr2+ through a low-temperature sintering technique, used silica complexes to improve the mechanical properties, and then manufactured the bionic porous scaffolds by extrusion molding and freeze-drying. Results Four types of scaffolds were obtained: mHAw-SiO2, Mg-doped mHAw-SiO2, Sr-doped mHAw-SiO2 and Mg-Sr-codoped mHAw-SiO2. These composite porous scaffolds have been suggested to have a sufficiently porous morphology with appropriate mechanical strength, are noncytotoxic, are able to support cell proliferation and spreading, and, more importantly, can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Conclusion Therefore, these doped scaffolds not only have physical and chemical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering, but also have higher osteogenic bioactivity, and can be possibly serve as potential bone repair material.

MicroCT Aided Scaffold Design and Preparation

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1584-1586
Author(s):  
Xian Gang Wang ◽  
Jie Mo Tian ◽  
Zhi Ping Guo ◽  
Chao Zong Zhang ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rapid Prototype ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Natural Bone ◽  
Bone Trauma ◽  
Aided Design

Bone repair method has run to a new stage of bone tissue engineering. Doctors use bone scaffold to fill bone trauma and expect human regeneration ability to reconstruct bone trauma while bone is degrading. Scaffold is essential to bone tissue engineering. Scaffold should introduce new bone with scaffold’s conduction channel. But it’s still very difficult for scaffold to mimic fine structure of bone. Ideal scaffold should have similar component and microstructure to natural bone, which makes it more biocompatible and better to reconstructed bone. So we forward microCT aided design and preparation to solve this problem. MicroCT outputs both shape and three-dimensional internal density information. Then, we build computer model of scaffold with acquired microstructure. We fabricate scaffold that mimics natural bone by 3D rapid prototype machine.

scholarly journals Recent Developments of Functional Scaffolds for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiko Kinoshita ◽  
Hatsuhiko Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Donor Site Morbidity ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Recent Developments

Autogenous bone grafting remains a gold standard for the reconstruction critical-sized bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial region. Nevertheless, this graft procedure has several disadvantages such as restricted availability, donor-site morbidity, and limitations in regard to fully restoring the complicated three-dimensional structures in the craniomaxillofacial bone. The ultimate goal of craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction is the regeneration of the physiological bone that simultaneously fulfills both morphological and functional restorations. Developments of tissue engineering in the last two decades have brought such a goal closer to reality. In bone tissue engineering, the scaffolds are fundamental, elemental and mesenchymal stem cells/osteoprogenitor cells and bioactive factors. A variety of scaffolds have been developed and used as spacemakers, biodegradable bone substitutes for transplanting to the new bone, matrices of drug delivery system, or supporting structures enhancing adhesion, proliferation, and matrix production of seeded cells according to the circumstances of the bone defects. However, scaffolds to be clinically completely satisfied have not been developed yet. Development of more functional scaffolds is required to be applied widely to cranio-maxillofacial bone defects. This paper reviews recent trends of scaffolds for crania-maxillofacial bone tissue engineering, including our studies.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Piotr Szczepańczyk ◽  
Monika Szlachta ◽  
Natalia Złocista-Szewczyk ◽  
Jan Chłopek ◽  
Kinga Pielichowska
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Recent Developments

To meet the needs of clinical medicine, bone tissue engineering is developing dynamically. Scaffolds for bone healing might be used as solid, preformed scaffolding materials, or through the injection of a solidifiable precursor into the defective tissue. There are miscellaneous biomaterials used to stimulate bone repair including ceramics, metals, naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers, and other biocompatible substances. Combining ceramics and metals or polymers holds promise for future cures as the materials complement each other. Further research must explain the limitations of the size of the defects of each scaffold, and additionally, check the possibility of regeneration after implantation and resistance to disease. Before tissue engineering, a lot of bone defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Biodegradable polymers are widely applied as porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes are good biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity, and injectability. They may also be used as temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue healing and regeneration. Herein, the current state concerning polyurethanes in bone tissue engineering are discussed and introduced, as well as future trends.

HYDROXYAPATITE, ALGINATE, AND CHITOSAN FOR BONE SCAFFOLDS: SPECTROSCOPY STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Lalita El Milla
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Powder ◽  
Materials Used

Scaffolds is three dimensional structure that serves as a framework for bone growth. Natural materials are often used in synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with respect to compliance with the content of the human body. Among the materials used to make scafffold was hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. Hydroxyapatite powder obtained by mixing phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, alginate powders extracted from brown algae and chitosan powder acetylated from crab. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional groups of hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. The method used in this study was laboratory experimental using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan powders. The results indicated the presence of functional groups PO43-, O-H and CO32- in hydroxyapatite. In alginate there were O-H, C=O, COOH and C-O-C functional groups, whereas in chitosan there were O-H, N-H, C=O, C-N, and C-O-C. It was concluded that the third material containing functional groups as found in humans that correspond to the scaffolds material in bone tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Amirhosein Fathi ◽  
Farzad Kermani ◽  
Aliasghar Behnamghader ◽  
Sara Banijamali ◽  
Masoud Mozafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Composite Scaffolds ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Co Doped

AbstractOver the last years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to produce suitable substitutes for treating bone defects. In this work, 3D printed composite scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped multi-component melt-derived bioactive glasses (BGs) were prepared for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose, 30% of as-prepared BG particles (size <38 μm) were incorporated into PCL, and then the obtained composite mix was introduced into a 3D printing machine to fabricate layer-by-layer porous structures with the size of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3.The scaffolds were fully characterized through a series of physico-chemical and biological assays. Adding the BGs to PCL led to an improvement in the compressive strength of the fabricated scaffolds and increased their hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the PCL/BG scaffolds showed apatite-forming ability (i.e., bioactivity behavior) after being immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular examinations revealed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds and confirmed them as suitable substrates for the adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, 3D printed composite scaffolds made of PCL and Sr- and Co-doped BGs might be potentially-beneficial bone replacements, and the achieved results motivate further research on these materials.

scholarly journals Heidelberg-mCT-Analyzer: a novel method for standardized microcomputed-tomography-guided evaluation of scaffold properties in bone and tissue research

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Westhauser ◽  
Christian Weis ◽  
Melanie Hoellig ◽  
Tyler Swing ◽  
Gerhard Schmidmaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Scaffold Properties

Bone tissue engineering and bone scaffold development represent two challenging fields in orthopaedic research. Micro-computed tomography (mCT) allows non-invasive measurement of these scaffolds’ properties in vivo . However, the lack of standardized mCT analysis protocols and, therefore, the protocols’ user-dependency make interpretation of the reported results difficult. To overcome these issues in scaffold research, we introduce the Heidelberg-mCT-Analyzer. For evaluation of our technique, we built 10 bone-inducing scaffolds, which underwent mCT acquisition before ectopic implantation (T0) in mice, and at explantation eight weeks thereafter (T1). The scaffolds’ three-dimensional reconstructions were automatically segmented using fuzzy clustering with fully automatic level-setting. The scaffold itself and its pores were then evaluated for T0 and T1. Analysing the scaffolds’ characteristic parameter set with our quantification method showed bone formation over time. We were able to demonstrate that our algorithm obtained the same results for basic scaffold parameters (e.g. scaffold volume, pore number and pore volume) as other established analysis methods. Furthermore, our algorithm was able to analyse more complex parameters, such as pore size range, tissue mineral density and scaffold surface. Our imaging and post-processing strategy enables standardized and user-independent analysis of scaffold properties, and therefore is able to improve the quantitative evaluations of scaffold-associated bone tissue-engineering projects.

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