scholarly journals Evidence for Lignocellulose-Decomposing Enzymes in the Genome and Transcriptome of the Aquatic Hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 854
Author(s):  
Felix Heeger ◽  
Elizabeth C. Bourne ◽  
Christian Wurzbacher ◽  
Elisabeth Funke ◽  
Anna Lipzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Carbohydrate Components

Fungi are ecologically outstanding decomposers of lignocellulose. Fungal lignocellulose degradation is prominent in saprotrophic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of the subkingdom Dikarya. Despite ascomycetes dominating the Dikarya inventory of aquatic environments, genome and transcriptome data relating to enzymes involved in lignocellulose decay remain limited to terrestrial representatives of these phyla. We sequenced the genome of an exclusively aquatic ascomycete (the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica), documented the presence of genes for the modification of lignocellulose and its constituents, and compared differential gene expression between C. aquatica cultivated on lignocellulosic and sugar-rich substrates. We identified potential peroxidases, laccases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, several of which were differentially expressed when experimentally grown on different substrates. Additionally, we found indications for the regulation of pathways for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. Our results suggest that C. aquatica is able to modify lignin to some extent, detoxify aromatic lignin constituents, or both. Such characteristics would be expected to facilitate the use of carbohydrate components of lignocellulose as carbon and energy sources.

scholarly journals Identification of enzymes for lignocellulose degradation in the genome and transcriptome of the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Heeger ◽  
Elizabeth C. Bourne ◽  
Christian Wurzbacher ◽  
Elisabeth Funke ◽  
Anna Lipzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Lignin Modification ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Carbohydrate Components

AbstractFungi are ecologically important decomposers of lignocellulose. Basidiomycetes use peroxidases, laccases, and enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily for cometabolic lignin degradation in order to access cellulose and hemicellulose as carbon sources. Limited lignin modification capabilities have also been reported for some terrestrial ascomycetes. Here we newly sequenced the genome of an exclusively aquatic ascomycete, Clavariopsis aquatica, documented the presence of genes for the modification of lignocellulose and its constituents, and compared differential gene expression between C. aquatica cultivated on lignocellulosic and sugar-rich substrates. We identified potential peroxidases, laccases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases several of which were differentially expressed when experimentally grown on different substrates. Additionally, we found regulation of pathways for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. Our results suggest that C. aquatica is able to modify lignin, detoxify aromatic lignin constituents, or both. This may facilitate the use of carbohydrate components of lignocellulose as carbon and energy sources.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Profiling in Liver of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Supplemented With Watermelon Flesh, Arginine, or Citrulline Shows Similar Pattern Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
Mikayla Chen ◽  
Neil Shay
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract Objectives Watermelon is a nutrient-dense fruit known to contain high levels or arginine and citrulline; these two compounds may influence the nitric oxide pathway, vasodilation, and thus be hypotensive. We tested the hypothesis that when C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat diet (HF) had additions to the HF diet of either watermelon flesh (WF), arginine (ARG) or citrulline (CIT), changes in gene expression patterns would occur vs. those seen in HF. Further, we hypothesize that patterns of expression seen in WF, ARG, and CIT groups would be somewhat similar based on increased dietary levels of ARG and CIT in all three groups. Methods Following prior work (Becraft et al.; 2018, Egea et al. 2020), groups of mice were provided either a low-fat diet (LF, 10% kcal fat), high-fat diet (HF, 45% kcal fat), HF plus Watermelon Flesh (WF), HF plus 1% (w/w) arginine (ARG) or 1% (w/w citrulline (CIT) for 10 weeks. Watermelon flesh was provided at 10% of total energy. After ten weeks, animals were euthanized, and liver total RNA was isolated using Trizol. Total RNA was then used for gene expression analysis (N = 4 per group) using Clariom S microarrays and TAC analysis software (ThermoFisher). Results Mice fed WF, ARG, and CIT had several shared canonical pathways of gene expression, including eicosanoid metabolism via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and exercise-induced circadian rhythm (All P < 0.05). Intake of WF and ARG significantly up-regulated both Cyp2c9 and Cyp2c38 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The Bst2 gene was significantly down-regulated in all three groups compared to HF mice (P < 0.05). The Cyp2b9 gene was upregulated ∼10.7 fold in WF, and > 1000-fold in ARG mice (P < 0.05). Conclusions We demonstrated that when added to a HF diet, WF, ARG, and CIT all produced a change in hepatic gene expression in male mice. Possibly due to the close relationship of ARG and CIT metabolism, and high content of ARG and CIT in WF, expression patterns observed in all three groups demonstrated a high degree of similarity. Several genes, including Cyp2c9, Cyp2c38, and Elvol5 were up-regulated; these genes may be involved in modifying steroids and arachidonic acid and other long-chain fatty acids. Funding Sources National Watermelon Promotion Board.

Development of a Plant Viral-Vector-Based Gene Expression Assay for the Screening of Yeast Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Hanley ◽  
Long V. Nguyen ◽  
Faizah Khan ◽  
Gregory P. Pogue ◽  
Fakhrieh Vojdani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Gene Expression Assay ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases

Development of a Plant Viral-Vector-Based Gene Expression Assay for the Screening of Yeast Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Hanley ◽  
Long V. Nguyen ◽  
Faizah Khan ◽  
Gregory P. Pogue ◽  
Fakhrieh Vojdani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Gene Expression Assay ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases

scholarly journals Combination of kdr mutation and detoxification gene expression associated with high tolerance for permethrin in a resistant Aedes aegypti population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tse-Yu Chen ◽  
Chelsea T. Smartt ◽  
Dongyoung Shin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Knockdown Resistance ◽  
Channel Gene ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Homozygous Mutations ◽  
Detoxification Gene

AbstractAedes aegypti, as one of the vectors transmitting several arboviruses, is a main target in mosquito control programs. Permethrin remains the major adulticide used to control these mosquitoes. The increasing percentage of permethrin resistant Aedes aegypti has become an important issue around the world. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the major mechanisms related to permethrin resistance. On the other hand, detoxification genes including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are also suggested as permethrin resistance apparatus. Here we selected a permethrin resistant (p-s) Aedes aegypti population from Florida and compared its mortality after exposure, median lethal dose (LD50), adult survivorship and larval development to several field populations. We used allele-specific PCR genotyping of the S989P, V1016I and F1534C sites in the sodium channel gene and gene expression analysis of several p450 and GSTs genes before and after permethrin exposure to determine their involvement in permethrin sensitivity between Ae. aegypti populations. Results indicated the p-s population had the highest resistance to permethrin based on LD50 and the mortality test. The larval development time did not significantly differ between the populations, however the p-s adults survived longer than the other populations. In the genotype study, p-s population had mostly homozygous mutations in all three mutant sites of the sodium channel gene. Detoxification gene expression studies showed that two p450 genes, AAEL009124 (CYP6N12) and, AAEL009127 (CYP6M11), were upregulated and, accession # AAEL006802, AAEL014891 (CYP6P12) and AAEL014619 (CYP9J22) were downregulated after 120 minutes of permethrin exposure in the p-s population. These results suggest that in highly permethrin resistant Aedes aegypti populations both kdr mutations and xenobiotic metabolism might be involved. Involvement of multiple mechanisms to achieve resistance to permethrin supports the need for implementing comprehensive mosquito control measures, such as an integrated pest management strategy, so that selection pressure for resistance is decreased without compromising control efforts while new methodologies are being developed.Author summaryPyrethroids have been applied as a major type of insecticide targeted at Aedes aegypti, a key vector in the transmission of several flaviviruses. Resistance to pyrethroids has emerged and has become a worldwide threat to mosquito control. Pyrethroid resistance usually occurs with knockdown resistance (kdr) where the voltage gated sodium channel is mutated. We selected a permethrin resistant (p-s) Aedes aegypti population from Florida and, along with two other field populations, examined three mutation sites, S989P, V1016I and F1534C. The data showed the p-s population had the most homozygous mutations which correlated to the permethrin resistance level. Besides kdr, detoxification genes also have been identified to have pyrethroid metabolizing abilities. We found two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases genes, CYP6N12 and CYP6M11, were overexpressed in the p-s population after permethrin exposure, suggesting a role in resistance to permethrin. Together, our results provide information about potential mechanisms used in major vectors with high insecticide resistance.

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