scholarly journals Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Pea on Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽  
Natalia Witaszak ◽  
Monika Urbaniak ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

Fusarium species present ubiquitously in the environment are capable of infecting a wide range of plant species. They produce several mycotoxins targeted to weaken the host plant. While infecting some resistant plants, the host can alter the expression of toxin-related genes and accumulate no/very low amounts of mycotoxins. The ability of the host plant to modulate the biosynthesis of these toxins is entirely depending on the secondary metabolites produced by the plant, often as a part of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). A major role plays in the family of metabolites called phenyl propanoids, consisting of thousands of natural products, synthesized from the phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids through a cascade of enzymatic reactions. They are also famous for inhibiting or limiting infection through their antioxidant characteristics. The current study was aimed at identifying the differentially expressed secondary metabolites in resistant (Sokolik) and susceptible (Santana) cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and understanding their roles in the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of two different Fusarium species. Although metabolites such as coumarin, spermidine, p-coumaric acid, isoorientin, and quercetin reduced the growth of the pathogen, a higher level of p-coumaric acid was found to enhance the growth of F. proliferatum strain PEA1. It was also noticeable that the growth of the pathogen did not depend on their ability to produce mycotoxins, as all the metabolites were able to highly inhibit the biosynthesis of fumonisin B1 and beauvericin.

scholarly journals Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽  
Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska ◽  
Łukasz Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Fungal Partner ◽  
Cytogenetic Changes ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection.

Chitosan: An elicitor and antimicrobial Bio-resource in plant protection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Kalpana Gairola, ◽  
Vinod Upadhyay ◽  
J. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms

Pesticide resistance and environment threat due to injudicious use of chemical pesticides for disease management employs the alteration in management practices. Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin derivative, behaves like a general elicitor, inducing a non-host resistance, and prime the plants for systemic acquired resistance in addition to this Chitosan has high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. The use of chitosan in agriculture and in food systems should be based on sufficient knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its elicitor and antimicrobial mode of action. In this article we a number of studies on the investigation of chitosan antimicrobial and resistance inducing properties and application of them in agriculture sector have been summarized.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Lytic Enzymes during Pea Plants’ Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9888
Author(s):  
Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽  
Monika Urbaniak ◽  
Izabela Pawłowicz ◽  
Karolina Kotowska ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Wide Range

Fusarium species are common plant pathogens that cause several important diseases. They produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, among which mycotoxins and extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) contribute to weakening and invading the host plant successfully. Two species of Fusarium isolated from peas were monitored for their expression profile of three cell wall-degrading enzyme coding genes upon culturing with extracts from resistant (Sokolik) and susceptible (Santana) pea cultivars. The extracts from Santana induced a sudden increase in the gene expression, whereas Sokolik elicited a reduced expression. The coherent observation was that the biochemical profile of the host plant plays a major role in regulating the fungal gene expression. In order to uncover the fungal characteristics in planta, both pea cultivars were infected with two strains each of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum on the 30th day of growth. The enzyme activity assays from both roots and rhizosphere indicated that more enzymes were used for degrading the cell wall of the resistant host compared to the susceptible host. The most commonly produced enzymes were cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase and lipase, where the pathogen selectively degraded the components of both the primary and secondary cell walls. The levels of beauvericin accumulated in the infected roots of both cultivars were also monitored. There was a difference between the levels of beauvericin accumulated in both the cultivars, where the susceptible cultivar had more beauvericin than the resistant one, showing that the plants susceptible to the pathogen were also susceptible to the toxin accumulation.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization of Metabolites and Enzymatic Mediation in Nutritive Cells of Cecidomyiidae Galls on Piper Arboreum Aubl. (Piperaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gracielle Pereira Bragança ◽  
Denis Coelho Oliveira ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Storage Cells ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
Gall Induction

Galling insects commonly change the chemical profile of their host plant tissues during gall induction and establishment. As a consequence, galls accumulate a wide range of metabolites in specialized cells, which may be organized in a nutritive tissue and in outer storage cells. The nutrients compartmentalized in nutritive cells may be directly assessed or metabolized via enzymatic mediation, while the gall outer cortex may accumulate secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolitesmay configure a specialized chemical barrier against the attack of natural enemies. Either the nutritive inner cells or the outer cortical cells, with their specific metabolic apparatus, should differentiate under the chemical constraints of each host plant-galling herbivore interaction. This premise is herein addressed by the investigation of the histochemical profile of the non-galled leaves and galls induced by Diptera: Cecidomyiidae on Piper arboreum. The spatial compartmentalization of the nutritive and defensive metabolites indicates the new functions assumed during the redifferentiation of the host plant cells. The enzymatic mediation of the primary metabolites by sucrose synthase and invertases favors the nutritive requirements of the galling Cecidomyiidae or the structural maintenance of the gall. The accumulation of secondary metabolites is restrict to the tissue layers not involved in nutrition, and may act in the chemical protection against predators or parasitoids. Current results systematically document metabolites compartmentalization, evidence the impairment of toxic compounds storage in cells surrounding the larval chamber, as well as, detect the redirection of nutritive substances to the site of the Cecidomyiidae feeding. The activity of sucrose synthase is restrict to the nutritive tissue in the galls on Piper arboreum, and reinforces previous detection of this enzyme mediation in carbohydrate metabolism in Cecidomyiidae galls.

scholarly journals Fusarium Head Blight, Mycotoxins and Strategies for Their Reduction

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Mielniczuk ◽  
Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Safe Food

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi, which commonly contaminate cereal grains. Contamination of small-grain cereals and maize with toxic metabolites of fungi, both pathogenic and saprotrophic, is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture. Fusarium species are among the dangerous cereal pathogens with a high toxicity potential. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 are among five most important mycotoxins on a European and world scale. The use of various methods to limit the development of Fusarium cereal head diseases and grain contamination with mycotoxins, before and after harvest, is an important element of sustainable agriculture and production of safe food. The applied strategies utilize chemical and non-chemical methods, including agronomic, physical and biological treatments. Biological methods now occupy a special place in plant protection as an element of biocontrol of fungal pathogens by inhibiting their development and reducing mycotoxins in grain. According to the literature, Good Agricultural Practices are the best line of defense for controlling Fusarium toxin contamination of cereal and maize grains. However, fluctuations in weather conditions can significantly reduce the effectiveness of plants protection methods against infection with Fusarium spp. and grain accumulation of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of TvCyt2, a Member of the p450 Monooxygenases From Trichoderma virens Relevant During the Association With Plants and Mycoparasitism

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Ramírez-Valdespino ◽  
Maria Daniela Porras-Troncoso ◽  
Alma Rosa Corrales-Escobosa ◽  
Kazimierz Wrobel ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases

Secondary metabolites are crucial for the establishment of interactions between plants and microbes, as in the case of Trichoderma-plant interactions. In the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites, specific enzymes participate in the formation of hydroxyl and epoxy groups, belonging to the p450 monooxygenases family. Here, we show that the product of the gene TvCyt2 from Trichoderma virens encodes a new protein homologous to the cytochrome p450, which is down-regulated at the beginning of Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction. To investigate its role in the interactions established by Trichoderma spp., we analyzed the metabolic profile obtained from the overexpressing (OETvCyt2) and null mutant (Δtvcyt2) strains, observing that the OETvCyt2 strains produce a higher concentration of some metabolites than the wild-type (WT) strain. Δtvcyt2 strains showed a decreased antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in antibiosis assays. Arabidopsis plants cocultivated with the OETvCyt2 strains showed stronger induction of systemic acquired resistance than plants cocultivated with the WT strain, as well as increases in biomass and fitness. Our data suggest that the product of the TvCyt2 gene is involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, which can increase antagonistic activity with phytopathogenic fungi and the capacity to promote plant growth.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance Induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Peach and Differential Expression of PR1 Genes

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengge Hao ◽  
Lirong Wang ◽  
Ke Cao ◽  
Xinwei Wang ◽  
Weichao Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Crown Gall ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Crown Gall Disease ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defense Studies

Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens affects a wide range of horticultural plants, and has no effective treatment. During the evaluation of crown gall resistance of peach germplasm resources, we observed enhanced resistance to subsequent invasion that was activated by virulence of A. tumefaciens in two peach cultivars. To further verify the phenotype observed in field experiments, systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-related salicylic acid (SA) and PR1 genes were investigated. The levels of SA were elevated in two cultivars, and these high levels were maintained for 35 days postinoculation. Compared with mock-inoculated controls, eight of the 22 candidate PpPR1 genes in A. tumefaciens-inoculated samples were significantly upregulated and three were downregulated in response to inoculation with A. tumefaciens. These data suggested that SA-induced SAR was activated in two peach cultivars by virulent A. tumefaciens infection. In addition, the eight induced PpPR1 genes can be used as molecular markers in defense studies in peach.

scholarly journals Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfeng Zhou ◽  
Qi Meng ◽  
Xiaomin Tan ◽  
Wei Ding ◽  
Kang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Wide Range

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is a defense response that provides resistance against a wide range of pathogens at the whole-plant level following primary infection. Although the molecular mechanisms of SAR have been extensively studied in recent years, the role of phosphorylation that occurs in systemic leaves of SAR-induced plants is poorly understood. We used a data-independent acquisition (DIA) phosphoproteomics platform based on high-resolution mass spectrometry in an Arabidopsis thaliana model to identify phosphoproteins related to SAR establishment. A total of 8011 phosphorylation sites from 3234 proteins were identified in systemic leaves of Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326) and mock locally inoculated plants. A total of 859 significantly changed phosphoproteins from 1119 significantly changed phosphopeptides were detected in systemic leaves of Psm ES4326 locally inoculated plants, including numerous transcription factors and kinases. A variety of defense response-related proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated in systemic leaves of Psm ES4326 locally inoculated leaves, suggesting that these proteins may be functionally involved in SAR through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. Significantly changed phosphoproteins were enriched mainly in categories related to response to abscisic acid, regulation of stomatal movement, plant–pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, purine metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, and flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 28 proteins were regulated at both protein and phosphorylation levels during SAR. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that changes in phosphorylation levels of proteins during SAR did not result from changes in transcript abundance. This study provides comprehensive details of key phosphoproteins associated with SAR, which will facilitate further research on the molecular mechanisms of SAR.

scholarly journals Roles of Aquaporins in Plant-Pathogen Interaction

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1134
Author(s):  
Guangjin Li ◽  
Tong Chen ◽  
Zhanquan Zhang ◽  
Boqiang Li ◽  
Shiping Tian
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a class of small, membrane channel proteins present in a wide range of organisms. In addition to water, AQPs can facilitate the efficient and selective flux of various small solutes involved in numerous essential processes across membranes. A growing body of evidence now shows that AQPs are important regulators of plant-pathogen interaction, which ultimately lead to either plant immunity or pathogen pathogenicity. In plants, AQPs can mediate H2O2 transport across plasma membranes (PMs) and contribute to the activation of plant defenses by inducing pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), followed by downstream defense reactions. This involves the activation of conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, the production of callose, the activation of NPR1 and PR genes, as well as the opening and closing of stomata. On the other hand, pathogens utilize aquaporins to mediate reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and regulate their normal growth, development, secondary or specialized metabolite production and pathogenicity. This review focuses on the roles of AQPs in plant immunity, pathogenicity, and communications during plant-pathogen interaction.

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