scholarly journals The Interaction among Microbiota, Epigenetic Regulation, and Air Pollutants in Disease Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Alessandra Pulliero ◽  
Deborah Traversi ◽  
Elena Franchitti ◽  
Martina Barchitta ◽  
Alberto Izzotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Particulate Matter Exposure ◽  
General Wellbeing

Environmental pollutants can influence microbiota variety, with important implications for the general wellbeing of organisms. In subjects at high-risk of cancer, gut, and lung microbiota are distinct from those of low-risk subjects, and disease progression is associated with microbiota alterations. As with many inflammatory diseases, it is the combination of specific host and environmental factors in certain individuals that provokes disease outcomes. The microbiota metabolites influence activity of epigenetic enzymes. The knowledge of the mechanisms of action of environmental pollution now includes not only the alteration of the gut microbiota but also the interaction between different human microbiota niches such as the lung–gut axis. The epigenetic regulations can reprogram differentiated cells in response to environmental changes. The microbiota can play a major role in the progression and suppression of several epigenetic diseases. Accordingly, the maintenance of a balanced microbiota by monitoring the environmental stimuli provides a novel preventive approach for disease prevention. Metagenomics technologies can be utilized to establish new mitigation approaches for diseases induced by polluted environments. The purpose of this review is to examine the effects of particulate matter exposure on the progression of disease outcomes as related to the alterations of gut and lung microbial communities and consequent epigenetic modifications.

Centering microbes in the emerging role of integrative biology in understanding environmental change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebony I Weems ◽  
Noé U de la Sancha ◽  
Laurel J Anderson ◽  
Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio ◽  
Ronaldo P Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Integrative Biology ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Ecosystem Disturbance

Synopsis We argue that the current environmental changes stressing the Earth’s biological systems urgently require study from an integrated perspective to reveal unexpected, cross-scale interactions, particularly between microbes and macroscale phenomena. Such interactions are the basis of a mechanistic understanding of the important connections between deforestation and emerging infectious disease, feedback between ecosystem disturbance and the gut microbiome, and the cross-scale effects of environmental pollutants. These kinds of questions can be answered with existing techniques and data, but a concerted effort is necessary to better coordinate studies and data sets from different disciplines to fully leverage their potential.

Detection of risk of cancer to man

1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (1158) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Human Carcinogenesis ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Epidemiology can pick out large-scale determinants of human cancer, such as smoking. Also, epidemiology can pick out carcinogens such as asbestos to which groups of perhaps a few hundred or a few thousand workers have been heavily exposed for decades. However, if highly exposed groups cannot be studied then epidemiology cannot recognize carcinogens which, although perhaps widely distributed, produce only a small percentage increase in particular cancers. Almost all of the environmental pollutants that can affect human cancer incidence will do so only to a very minor extent, at the levels to which we are currently exposed. For this reason, and also because it is often difficult to define an exposed and an unexposed group which do not differ in other ways as well, it will almost always be impossible to do anything epidemiologically except to set a very crude upper limit on their likely hazards. The only way, therefore, to get any direct estimate of these hazards is by laboratory studies of the effects of high doses on various model systems. For this and for other reasons, it would be highly desirable to have good laboratory models for human carcinogenesis. The characteristics required of satisfactory laboratory systems are reviewed, and it is argued that systematic errors may arise unless one studies epithelial cells from large, long-lived species under conditions of chronic, low-dose exposure to noxious test agents in conjunction with standard chronic doses of agents which may be synergistic with the test agents. (Carcinogenic mutagens may be synergistic with carcinogenic non-mutagens.) For reasons of expense and speed, such studies must be done in vitro . If such in-vitro systems can be developed, either by using tissue explants or cell cultures, an important criterion which they will have to satisfy to be trusted will be that under chronic exposure the rate of transformation should be proportional to something like the fourth power of exposure duration. This paper chiefly reviews the reasons for choosing these specifications for a trustworthy in-vitro model for human carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Knowing the scope of meningococcal disease in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marco A. P. Sáfadi ◽  
María Teresa Valenzuela ◽  
Ana Flavia Carvalho ◽  
Lúcia Helena De Oliveira ◽  
David M Salisbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Opportunities for strengthening surveillance of meningococcal disease exist between and within countries in Latin America. In August of 2015, a workshop was convened in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, to address the following objectives: 1) to review meningococcal disease burden and vaccine use in Latin America; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of current meningococcal surveillance practices in the region; 3) to identify challenges to meningococcal surveillance in the region; and 4) to outline steps for strengthening meningococcal surveillance and disease control in the region. Based on the workshop’s discussions, recommendations for strengthening surveillance and controlling meningococcal disease in Latin America focus on improving: a) laboratory capabilities for diagnostic testing; b) communication regarding epidemiologic- and laboratory-based analyses; c) communication during outbreaks; d) monitoring of long-term disease outcomes; e) knowledge of vaccines against serogroup B disease; and f) criteria for defining and controlling meningococcal outbreaks. Overall, improving surveillance will help guide strategies for meningococcal disease prevention and control in Latin America.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Behavioral Changes and Tissue Damages in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Exposure to the Herbicide Glyphosate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohamadi Yalsuyi ◽  
Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah ◽  
Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi Galangash ◽  
Marko D. Prokić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Swimming Pattern ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

Pesticides can induce changes in behavior and reduce the survival chance of aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate suspension (Glyphosate Aria 41% SL, Tehran Iran) on behavior and tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were assessed. For this purpose, a 96 h LC50 of glyphosate suspension (68.788 mL·L−1) was used in the toxicity test. All individuals were divided into control and treatment groups with four replicates. Exposure operations were performed under two conditions: increasing concentration of suspension from 0 to 68.788 mL·L−1; then, decreasing to the first level. The swimming pattern was recorded by digital cameras during the test and tissue samples were collected at the end of the test. There were significant differences between the swimming pattern of treated individuals and control ones during both steps. The sublethal concentration of glyphosate led to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperemia in the gill of fish. However, changes were obvious only after sampling. The exposed fish also displayed clinical signs such as darkening of the skin and increasing movement of the operculum. Moreover, glyphosate suspension affected swimming patterns of fish suggest that the swimming behavior test can indicate the potential toxicity of environmental pollutants and be used as a noninvasive, useful method for managing environmental changes and assessing fish health conditions by video monitoring.

scholarly journals Separating the apples from the oranges: from NAFLD heterogeneity to personalized medicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo Lonardo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Personalized Care ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Full Consideration

Recently, Arrese and Colleagues have published a review article entitled, “Insights into Nonalcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease (NAFLD) Heterogeneity” (Semin Liver Dis. 2021;41:421-34. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1730927). This milestone publication clearly and exhaustively explains the multitude of pathogenic pathways involved in the development and progression of disease eventually conducive to heterogeneous clinical phenotypes and different disease outcomes. The present commentary first briefly discusses the biological grounds of NAFLD heterogeneity and then illustrates the work by Arrese et al. In conclusion, the presently adopted nomenclatures appear inadequate in rendering the complexity of disease in the individual patient. In order to adopt the principles of personalized care, what remains to be done is to propose and validate a simple and accurate classification system. This should give full consideration to the principal disease modifiers and should shape a scheme to be adopted in both clinical practice and in the research arena. Care should be taken to not neglect the systemic nature of disease.

scholarly journals Cáncer en fauna silvestre

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Marina Guadarrama Olhovich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types

There are different types of cancer that occur for different reasons: genetic alterations, environmental pollutants, infectious agents, chronic inflammatory diseases, and so on. Although not exactly known all the causes that can trigger it, it has been proven that in many cases its origin can be the same in humans and animals, not only domestic, but also wild, including rhinos, jaguars, deer, elephants, which can develop this disease but because of the conditions where they live, it is difficult to care for them. Here we will review how some animal species in certain parts of the world have some types of cancer, that being in other places or if they were of another species they would not develop it, and we can also understand how there are families of individuals with cancer and others not. As well as the influence of the environment and certain diseases that can lead to this condition.

Psychosocial Issues Related to Liquid Biopsy for ctDNA in Individuals at Normal and Elevated Risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
Jada G. Hamilton ◽  
Amanda Watsula-Morley ◽  
Alicia Latham
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Circulating Tumor Dna ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Incidental Discovery ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The use of a liquid biopsy through analysis of circulating tumor DNA, or ctDNA, has received much attention as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool in oncology. This chapter provides an overview of the medical application of liquid biopsy for ctDNA in individuals at normal and elevated risk of cancer. We discuss the psychosocial implications of ctDNA assays, including the incidental discovery of germline variants, the possibility of increased anxiety and uncertainty, and the potential for negative impact on quality of life. We conclude that although ctDNA shows great promise in improving disease outcomes among patients affected by cancer, further research is needed to establish the clinical validity and clinical utility of ctDNA assays. Additionally, psychosocial outcomes should be included in the balance of risks and benefits of these tests.

scholarly journals Evidences of Polymorphism Associated with Circadian System and Risk of Pathologies: A Review of the Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Valenzuela ◽  
J. Vera ◽  
C. Venegas ◽  
S. Muñoz ◽  
S. Oyarce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The circadian system is a supraphysiological system that modulates different biological functions such as metabolism, sleep-wake, cellular proliferation, and body temperature. Different chronodisruptors have been identified, such as shift work, feeding time, long days, and stress. The environmental changes and our modern lifestyle can alter the circadian system and increase the risk of developing pathologies such as cancer, preeclampsia, diabetes, and mood disorder. This system is organized by transcriptional/tranductional feedback loops of clock genesClock,Bmal1,Per1–3,andCry1-2. How molecular components of the clock are able to influence the development of diseases and their risk relation with genetic components of polymorphism of clock genes is unknown. This research describes different genetic variations in the population and how these are associated with risk of cancer, metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemias, and also mood disorders such as depression, bipolar disease, excessive alcohol intake, and infertility. Finally, these findings will need to be implemented and evaluated at the level of genetic interaction and how the environment factors trigger the expression of these pathologies will be examined.

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