Effects of Filler Distribution on Magnetorheological Silicon-Based Composites

The smart materials subclass of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) composites is presented in this work, which aimed to investigate the influence of filler distribution on surface morphology. Iron particles with sizes ranging from 20 to 150 µm were incorporated into the elastomer matrix and a 30% volume fraction (V%) was chosen as the optimal quantity for the filler amount in the elastomer composite. The surface morphology of MRE composites was examined by 3D micro-computed tomography (µCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Isotropic and anisotropic distributions of the iron particles were estimated in the magnetorheological elastomer composites. The filler particle distribution at various heights of the MRE composites was examined. The isotropic distribution of filler particles was observed without any influence from the magnetic field during sample preparation. The anisotropic arrangement of iron fillers within the MRE composites was observed in the presence of a magnetic field during fabrication. It was shown that the linear arrangement of the iron particle chain induced magnetization within the composite. Simulation analysis was also performed to predict the particle distribution of magnetization in the MREs and make a comparison with the experimental observations.

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Experimental and numerical study on surface roughness of magnetorheological elastomer for controllable friction

Friction ◽

10.1007/s40544-017-0309-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 917-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rui Li ◽

Xi Li ◽

Yuanyuan Li ◽

Ping-an Yang ◽

Jiushan Liu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Particle Volume Fraction ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Particle Volume ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Magnetic Field

Abstract Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is a type of smart material of which mechanical and electrical properties can be reversibly controlled by the magnetic field. In this study, the influence of the magnetic field on the surface roughness of MRE was studied by the microscopic modeling method, and the influence of controllable characteristics of the MRE surface on its friction properties was analyzed by the macroscopic experimental method. First, on the basis of existing studies, an improved mesoscopic model based on magnetomechanical coupling analysis was proposed. The initial surface morphology of MRE was characterized by the W-M fractal function, and the change process of the surface microstructures of MRE, induced by the magnetic interaction between particles, was studied. Then, after analyzing the simulation results, it is found that with the increase in the magnetic field and decrease in the modulus of rubber matrix, the surface of MRE changes more significantly, and the best particle volume fraction is within 7.5%–9%. Furthermore, through experimental observation, it is found that the height of the convex peak on the surface of MRE decreases significantly with the action of the magnetic field, resulting in a reduction in the surface roughness. Consistent with the simulation results, a particle volume fraction of 10% corresponds to a maximum change of 14%. Finally, the macroscopic friction experiment results show that the friction coefficients of MREs with different particle volume fractions all decrease with the decrease in surface roughness under the magnetic field. When the particle volume fraction is 10%, the friction coefficient can decrease by 24.7% under a magnetic field of 400 mT, which is consistent with the trend of surface roughness changes. This shows that the change in surface morphology with the effect of the magnetic field is an important factor in the control of MRE friction properties by magnetic field.

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Fabrication and Response Analysis of Magnetorheological Elastomer

Material Science Research India ◽

10.13005/msri/090115 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 111-116

Author(s):

S. R. Kumbhar ◽

Subhasis Maji ◽

Bimlesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Iron Particles ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Percentage Volume ◽

Distribution Composition ◽

As Stress ◽

External Stimuli ◽

Ferromagnetic Particles

Smart materials are materials with properties that can be significantly altered in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, pH, moisture, electric or magnetic fields. An elastomer comprising a matrix interspersed with micron sized ferromagnetic particles is known as a Magnetorheological Elastomer (MRE). The rheological properties of MREs are altered by the application of an external magnetic field. The characteristic response of MRE is influenced by many factors including; the elastomer matrix, the size, distribution, composition and percentage volume of the ferromagnetic particles, and whether the ferromagnetic particles are aligned in chains or randomly dispersed. During the past two decades the interest in intelligent material based solutions has shown a huge growth. Present work deals with the study of preparation method of Magnetorheological Elastomer mould and testing for its dynamic behaviour. Micron size iron particles are used for the preparation of MRE in order to increase number of iron particles in elastomer matrix. Two different types of MRE moulds are prepared and their dynamic response has been studied. Comparison has been done between MRE mould cured with magnetic field and without magnetic field by testing them with and without application of magnetic field. The results obtained are satisfactory and can be applied for automotive sector to reduce noise and vibrations.

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SYNERGISTIC MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL NR–NBR ELASTOMER BLEND WITH ELECTROLYTIC IRON PARTICLES

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.21.79977 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md Najib Alam ◽

Vineet Kumar ◽

Sang-Ryeoul Ryu ◽

Tae Jo Koa ◽

Dong-Joo Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Iron Particles ◽

Electrolytic Iron ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Strong Adhesion ◽

Orientation Mechanism ◽

Filler Distribution ◽

Elastomer Blend

ABSTRACT This article presents the development of a new kind of magnetorheological elastomer blend made with natural rubber, acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NR-NBR), and electrolytic iron particles through solution mixing. The compressive stress and elastic modulus of the composites in the isotropic and anisotropic states of the filler were studied. A unique study of the filler distribution and filler orientation mechanism was proposed from the compressive properties and scanning electron microscopy. A strong improvement in the elastic modulus of the NR–NBR blend from isotropic to anisotropic change was achieved as compared with NR and NBR in single-rubber composites. The filler content in the anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers was optimized by measuring the field-dependent elastic modulus in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. The blend rubber composites showed better sensitivity in the presence of a magnetic field than the NR and NBR composites did. The improvement might be due to the better filler orientation and strong adhesion of filler particles by the NR phase in the blend matrix. The new elastomer blends may have applications in active dampers, vibrational absorption, and automotive bushings.

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Dielectric Properties of Polymers Filled with Dispersed Metals

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/096739110201000304 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 219-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ye.P. Mamunya ◽

V.V. Davydenko ◽

H. Zois ◽

L. Apekis ◽

A.A. Snarskii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dielectric Properties ◽

Particle Distribution ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Filler Concentration ◽

Threshold Region ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Dielectric Parameters ◽

Dielectric Characteristics ◽

Thermoset Resins ◽

Filler Distribution

The authors have studied the dielectric properties of composite materials based on both thermoplastic and thermoset resins filled with nickel or copper, with various particle sizes and shapes. In addition, two types of particle distribution, random and segregated, were produced for composites filled with nickel. The main objective was to study the effect of the above factors on the dielectric properties of the composites. The concentration dependence of the dielectric parameters (i.e. the real, ∊′, and the imaginary, ∊″, parts of the complex dielectric permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent, tanδ), calculated for all the systems studied, demonstrates a critical behaviour in the percolation threshold region, with maximum values reached at a volume fraction ϕ = ϕc. The dependence of the dielectric parameters on concentration follows power-law behaviour in the ϕ < ϕc region. The critical exponent value for ∊′ is q = 0.75, in agreement with the theoretical one. The dielectric characteristics of the filled composites are more sensitive to the spatial filler distribution. For the segregated PVC-Ni system with an ordered filler distribution, the value of ϕc is much lower than for ER-Ni composites with a random filler distribution. Besides, for the segregated PVC-Ni system, the value of q is not constant, as it depends on the filler concentration. A model for the structure, which explains this behaviour, is proposed.

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Tuning Active Magnetorheological Elastomers for Damping Applications

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.766 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 636-637 ◽

pp. 766-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Anna Boczkowska ◽

Stefan F. Awietjan

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Carbonyl Iron ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Iron Particles ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomers ◽

Ferromagnetic Component ◽

Electron And Light Microscopy ◽

Tan Δ ◽

Microscopy Techniques ◽

The Magnetic Field

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) were obtained by mixing soft polyurethane and carbonyl-iron particles. The effect of the volume fraction of the ferromagnetic particles on the MREs microstructure and properties, as well as their arrangement in relation to the external magnetic field were investigated. As a ferromagnetic component carbonyl–iron powder, with particle size from 6-9µm, was used. The amount of the carbonyl iron particles was varied from 1.5 to 33.0 %(v/v). The samples were produced with randomly dispersed and aligned carbonyl iron particles. Scanning electron and light microscopy techniques were used for the MRE microstructure observations. The rheological properties (G’, G’’ and tan δ) of the MRE were tested without and with the application of the magnetic field. It was found that the microstructure of MREs, particularly the amount and arrangement of the carbonyl-iron particles, has a significant influence on their rheological and damping properties.

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Role of Magnetorheological Fluids and Elastomers in Today’s World

Acta Mechanica et Automatica ◽

10.1515/ama-2017-0041 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paweł Skalski ◽

Klaudia Kalita

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Automotive Industry ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Magnetorheological Fluids ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Shock Absorbers ◽

Damping Control ◽

Mr Fluids ◽

High Tension

AbstractThis paper explains the role of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in today’s world. A review of applications of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in devices and machines is presented. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers belong to the smart materials family. Properties of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers can be controlled by a magnetic field. Compared with magnetorheological fluids, magnetorheological elastomers overcome the problems accompanying applications of MR fluids, such as sedimentation, sealing issues and environmental contamination. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers, due to their ability of dampening vibrations in the presence of a controlled magnetic field, have great potential present and future applications in transport. Magnetorheological fluids are used e.g. dampers, shock absorbers, clutches and brakes. Magnetorheological dampers and magnetorheological shock absorbers are applied e.g. in damping control, in the operation of buildings and bridges, as well as in damping of high-tension wires. In the automotive industry, new solutions involving magnetorheological elastomer are increasingly patented e.g. adaptive system of energy absorption, system of magnetically dissociable [hooks/detents/grips], an vibration reduction system of the car’s drive shaft. The application of magnetorheological elastomer in the aviation structure is presented as well.

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A mechanical characterization of electroconductive magnetorheological elastomer and semi-analytical modeling of magnetic force

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979219502904 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (25) ◽

pp. 1950290

Author(s):

Salah Aguib ◽

Abdelkader Nour ◽

Toufik Djedid

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Force ◽

Magnetic Field Intensity ◽

Experimental Characterization ◽

Iron Particles ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomers ◽

Global Industry ◽

The Magnetic Field

Materials with novel properties and compounds of intelligent material combinations are a key to innovation in various successful sectors of the global industry as well as for its export. Magnetorheological elastomer materials have interesting physical properties; most of these properties are modified and adapted under the influence of external parameters such as the magnetic field. In this work, an experimental characterization of the magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) loaded with 20% of the iron particles was made. The results showed that the properties of these materials can be modified very selectively and reversibly under the influence of magnetic field, where the stiffness of the material varies depending on the magnetic field intensity that influences the attractive force between iron particles.

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On damping vibrations of three-layered beam containing magnetorheological elastomer

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures ◽

10.1177/1045389x12443596 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1019-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Evguenia V Korobko ◽

Gennadi I Mikhasev ◽

Zoya A Novikova ◽

Mikalai A Zhurauski

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Applied Magnetic Field ◽

Carbonyl Iron ◽

Viscoelastic Properties ◽

Nonstationary Vibrations ◽

Iron Particles ◽

Natural Vibrations ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Layered Beam

In this article, we present the results of investigations of viscoelastic properties of magnetorheological elastomer containing carbonyl iron particles. Frequencies of natural vibrations of three-layered beam, supporting constructions of which are made from aluminum, and the inner layer—from magnetorheological elastomer—are calculated, and the dependence of vibrations on induction of the applied magnetic field is obtained. Nonstationary vibrations of the beam at pulse impact of magnetic field are found.

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Smart Materials Based on Magnetorheological Composites

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.167 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 714 ◽

pp. 167-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marcin Masłowski ◽

Marian Zaborski

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Magnetic Field Effect ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽

Gamma Iron ◽

Magnetorheological Elastomers ◽

Elastomer Composites ◽

Ferromagnetic Particles

Magnetorheological elastomer composites (MREs) based on different magnetoactive fillers such as: carbonyl iron powder (CIP), gamma iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3), micro-and nanosize Fe3O4 are reported and studied. MREs were obtained from various elastomer matrixes such as: ethylene propylene, acrylonitrile butadiene, silicone, ethylene-octene and polyoctenamer rubbers. To align particles in elastomer, cross-linking process took place in magnetic field. Effect of the amount of ferromagnetic particles and their arrangement on the microstructure and properties in relation to the external magnetic field was examined. The microstructure, magnetic and magnetoreological properties of compositions were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and ARES Rheometer with magnetic device. Cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the composites were also studied. It was found that microstructure anisotropy has significant effect on the properties of magnetorheological elastomers. Moreover, different amount of magnetoactive fillers influence mechanical and magnetic properties of the vulcanizates. Many essential conclusions occur after application the wide variety of elastomer matrixes filled with different ferromagnetic particles in the context of preparation process of smart materials based on magnetorheological elastomer composites.

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