scholarly journals Modeling the Risk of Infectious Diseases Transmitted by Aedes aegypti Using Survival and Aging Statistical Analysis with a Case Study in Colombia

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 1488
Author(s):  
Henry Velasco ◽  
Henry Laniado ◽  
Mauricio Toro ◽  
Alexandra Catano-López ◽  
Víctor Leiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Over Time

Many infectious diseases are deadly to humans. The Aedes aegypi mosquito is the principal vector of infectious diseases that include chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and zika. Some factors such as survival time and aging are vital in its development and capacity to transmit the pathogens, which in turn are affected by environmental factors such as temperature. In this paper, we consider aging as the biological wear and tear presented in some mosquito populations over time, whereas survival is considered as the maximum time that a mosquito lives. We propose statistical methods that are commonly used in engineering for reliability analysis to compare transmission riskiness among different mosquitoes. We conducted a case study in three Colombian cities: Bello, Riohacha, and Villavicencio. In this study, we detected that the Aedes aegypi female mosquitoes in Bello live longer than in Riohacha and Villavicencio, and the females in Riohacha live longer than those in Villavicencio. Regarding aging, the females from Riohacha age slower than in Villavicencio and the latter age slower than in Bello. Mosquito populations that age slower are considered young and the other ones are old. In addition, we detected that the females from Bello in the temperature range of 27 ∘C–28 ∘C age slower than those in Bello at higher temperatures. In general, a young female has a higher risk of transmitting a disease to humans than an old female, regardless of its survival time. These findings have not been previously reported in studies of this type of infectious diseases and contributed to new knowledge in biomedicine.

scholarly journals Reducing bias in risk indices for COVID-19

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Paweł Michalak ◽  
Jack Cordes ◽  
Agnieszka Kulawik ◽  
Sławomir Sitek ◽  
Sławomir Pytel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Regional Disease ◽  
Over Time

Spatiotemporal modelling of infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves using a variety of epidemiological metrics such as regional proportion of cases and/or regional positivity rates. Although observing changes of these indices over time is critical to estimate the regional disease burden, the dynamical properties of these measures, as well as crossrelationships, are usually not systematically given or explained. Here we provide a spatiotemporal framework composed of six commonly used and newly constructed epidemiological metrics and conduct a case study evaluation. We introduce a refined risk estimate that is biased neither by variation in population size nor by the spatial heterogeneity of testing. In particular, the proposed methodology would be useful for unbiased identification of time periods with elevated COVID-19 risk without sensitivity to spatial heterogeneity of neither population nor testing coverage.We offer a case study in Poland that shows improvement over the bias of currently used methods. Our results also provide insights regarding regional prioritisation of testing and the consequences of potential synchronisation of epidemics between regions. The approach should apply to other infectious diseases and other geographical areas.

Assessing IPR Disclosure within Standard Setting

2015 ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Layne-Farrar
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

As part of its “policy project to examine the legal and policy issues surrounding the problem of potential patent ‘hold-up' when patented technologies are included in collaborative standards,” the Federal Trade Commission held an all-day workshop on June 21, 2011. The first panel of the day focused on patent disclosure rules intended to encourage full knowledge of patents “essential” for a standard and therefore to prevent patent ambush. When patents are disclosed after a standard is defined, the patent holder may have enhanced bargaining power that it can exploit to charge excessive royalties (e.g., greater than the value the patented technology contributes to the product complying with the standard). In this chapter, the authors present a case study on patent disclosure within the ICT sector. Specifically, they take an empirical look at the timing of patent disclosures within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the body responsible for some of the world's most prevalent mobile telephony standards. They find that most members officially disclose their potentially relevant patents after the standard is published, and sometimes considerably so. On the other hand, the authors also find that the delay in declaring patents to ETSI standards has been shrinking over time, with disclosures occurring closer to (although for the most part still after) the standard publication date for more recent standard generations as compared to earlier ones. This latter finding coincides with ETSI policy changes, suggesting that standards bodies may be able to improve patent disclosure with more precise rules.

scholarly journals Inter-organizational collaboration for energy efficiency in the maritime sector: the case of a database project

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2201-2213
Author(s):  
Josefin Borg ◽  
Hannes von Knorring
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Collaborative Network ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article explores the complexities of establishing knowledge-sharing practices between organizations through a case study of the creation of a database for energy efficiency measures relevant to the shipping sector. As researchers and policy-makers tend to point towards knowledge sharing and collaboration as means towards a more energy-efficient society, there is a need to better understand the knowledge sharing practices in such initiatives. The study is based upon extensive fieldwork where the first author was recruited to a collaborative network on energy efficiency in the shipping sector, to aid in the development of the collaboration while carrying out participatory-observational research in an ethnographic tradition. The study highlights the need to maintain realistic expectations for new knowledge-sharing collaborations, and the necessity to allow such arrangements to develop over time.

scholarly journals Identity Paradoxes: How Senior Managers and Employees Negotiate Similarity and Distinctiveness Tensions over Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 489-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Cuganesan
Keyword(s):  
Identity Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Police Organization ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
Over Time

Employee identity is shaped by a need to feel similarity to, as well as distinctiveness from, others in organizations. While this paradoxical tension is important we know little about how it is managed over time, especially when senior managers prioritize one element of the paradox over the other. Consequently I investigate how senior managers and employees negotiate the similarity–distinctiveness identity paradox over time, doing so through a longitudinal case study of a police organization undergoing change. The study contributes to prior paradox literature in two significant ways. First, it reveals how senior managers and employees negotiate tensions in employee identity between similarity and distinctiveness as an emergent and cyclical process of identity regulation and heterogeneous identity work. This shows how the balance between similarity and distinctiveness is both elusive to achieve for all organizational participants and difficult to sustain over time. Second, it highlights how defensive approaches to identity paradox may lead to positive outcomes, with this contingent on organizational participants’ ability to make strong claims about the importance of the paradox element they favour for the organization’s future.

scholarly journals Turning movement into music: Issues and applications of the MotionComposer, a therapeutic device for persons with different abilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bergsland ◽  
Robert Wechsler
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Description ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Mapping ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Related Design

The article discusses the ways in which the MotionComposer (MC), a newly developed device that turns movement into music, engages users with different abilities, so as to provide positive psychological and somatic effects. It begins with a case study – the story of one application of the device involving a young man with cerebral palsy. His experiences are typical of many others and provide some useful generalisations. The article then discusses a number of goals and related design principles that have been important in the development of the device, including a discussion of two conflicting strategies which must be reconciled: On the one hand, there is a need for clear causality. On the other hand, for such a device to remain interesting over time, there is a need for variation. A technical description of the hardware and software is given, followed by a discussion of general mapping issues pertaining to the different sound environments or interaction modes of the MC.

scholarly journals Exploratory Analysis of Public Transportation Data in Curitiba

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nádia P. Kozievitch ◽  
Tatiana M. C. Gadda ◽  
Keiko V. O. Fonseca ◽  
Marcelo O. Rosa ◽  
Luiz C. Gomes Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Over Time

Smart transportation systems have been providing more data over time (such as bus routes, users, smartphones, etc.). Such data provides a number of opportunities to identify various facets of user behavior and traffic trends. In this paper we address some of the urban mobility challenges (already discussed by the Brazilian Computer Society), from a number of different perspectives, including (i) pattern discovery, (ii) statistical analysis, (iii) data integration, and (iv) open and connected data. In particular, we present an exploratory data analysis with GIS for public transportation toward a case study in Curitiba, Brazil.

How Often Should Native Forests Be Logged? A Case Study on the Eden Management Area

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Native Forests ◽  
Optimal Rotation ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Over Time

The question of how often to log is examined applying two different methods –one optimizes over time the value of its timber harvested and the other considers the forest as a multi-use resource. The former, applied to data for the Eden area given an optimal rotation period of 25 years, the latter suggests that it is optimal never to harvest pristine native old growth forests.

scholarly journals Application of plant extracts for pest management in tea: a study on tea leaf’s thrips, Scirtothrips bispinosus

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
MAK Azad ◽  
I Ahmad ◽  
A Mainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Over Time

Medicinal plant extract contains bioactive molecules and these molecules are benefited to mitigate, eradicate or cure diseases. In advent to search for new medicinally important plant, the current paper deals to select the most effective and promising plants which are suitable for controlling tea leaf’s thrips (Scirtothrips bispinosus) based on extracts concentration and death affect over time. To fulfill the specific objectives, five medicinal plants extracts viz. Ipomoea crassicaulis, Lantana camara, Ipomoea hederaceaa, Glycosmis arborea, and Justicia gendarussa had been used with four different concentrations. From statistical analysis using One-way ANOVA and post hoc test, it was found that Ipomoea crassicaulis and Lantana camara are the most promising of all the experimented plants extracts based on both time and concentration. In the study, average mortality was found 0.47, 1.67, 1.93 and 2.53 for concentration of 1%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. Analysis based on different concentrations reveals that average mortality of thrips increases significantly with the increase of concentrations. Coefficient of variance was found minimum for Ipomoea crassicaulis and Lantana camara plants with range of 5.44 to 6.71 based on time and concentration. So, it could be concluded that these two plants are the most effective plants for controlling the tea thrips. For the other plants, ranks were found as Ipomoea hederaceaa, Glycosmis arborea and Justicia gendarussa respectively as well. J. bio-sci. 28: 87-93, 2020

scholarly journals Using a Framework to Evaluate Peace Operations: The Role of the United Nations

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 354-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Over Time

The United Nations remains the primary agency for carrying out peace operations. This article situates the Diehl and Druckman framework and the preceding four case studies in the larger context of the origins and changing nature and requirements of peacekeeping. Consideration is given to the shift from collective security to peacekeeping as the predominant strategy for UN conflict management efforts; peacekeeping itself has evolved in both number and mission over time. Complementary frameworks and ideas drawn from the other scholars’ work and case study chapters herein are discussed in the concluding section.

Comparison of protocols for cryopreservation of rhesus monkey spermatozoa by post-thaw motility recovery and hyperactivation

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Nichols ◽  
B. D. Bavister
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Fertilisation ◽  
Dibutyryl Cyclic Amp ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Cryopreservation Techniques ◽  
Over Time

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is useful for gene banking and for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This study compared several published cryopreservation techniques to find the most efficient for rhesus macaques. Effectiveness was assessed by sperm longevity (post-thaw motility % and duration) and ability to hyperactivate in response to chemical activators (caffeine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Each ejaculate from three males was treated with four published cryopreservation protocols (Seier et al. 1993; Sanchez-Partida et al. 2000; Si et al. 2000; Isachenko et al. 2005). Upon thawing, each sub-sample was incubated either at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air with or without activators or at ~22°C in atmospheric air without activators for 0–24 h. Samples cryopreserved using one method showed zero motility and were not included in the 2 × 2 G-test statistical analysis. The other methods all demonstrated good immediate post-thaw motility rates (68%, 73% and 62% respectively) and underwent capacitation after exposure to activators. Sperm motility in each treatment decreased over time at both temperatures but overall, incubation at 22°C preserved motility better in all three methods. In summary, cryopreservation of rhesus spermatozoa using the method published by Sanchez-Partida et al. or Seier et al. appeared best, potentially supporting gene banking as well as allowing for multiple IVF uses from the same sample.

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