Emerging Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Phenolics: Opportunities and Challenges

Natural phenolic compounds are important classes of plant, microorganism, and algal secondary metabolites. They have well-documented beneficial biological activities. The marine environment is less explored than other environments but have huge potential for the discovery of new unique compounds with potential applications in, e.g., food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. To survive in a very harsh and challenging environment, marine organisms like several seaweed (macroalgae) species produce and accumulate several secondary metabolites, including marine phenolics in the cells. Traditionally, these compounds were extracted from their sample matrix using organic solvents. This conventional extraction method had several drawbacks such as a long extraction time, low extraction yield, co-extraction of other compounds, and usage of a huge volume of one or more organic solvents, which consequently results in environmental pollution. To mitigate these drawbacks, newly emerging technologies, such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have received huge interest from researchers around the world. Therefore, in this review, the most recent and emerging technologies are discussed for the extraction of marine phenolic compounds of interest for their antioxidant and other bioactivity in, e.g., cosmetic and food industry. Moreover, the opportunities and the bottleneck for upscaling of these technologies are also presented.

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Innovative Extraction Techniques for the Optimum Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Meal and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities

Advances in Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.33140/anfs.04.02.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Carcinoma Cell ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Peanut Meal ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Carcinoma Cell Lines ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Phenolic Extract ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Water Ratio

There is a worldwide demand for phenolic compounds (PC) because they exhibit several biological activities. This work aimed at extracting phenolic compounds from peanut meal. The methods of extraction were mainly: conventional solvent extraction (traditional methods) and ultrasound assisted extraction (recent methods) and comparing their results. Peanut meal (PM) was prepared by defatting with n-hexane, and then extracted by the two previous methods. First, the conventional solvents used were 80% methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and distilled water. Then studied Different parameters such as meal: water ratio, also the effect of temperature and the pH on the extraction process. Second, ultrasonic assisted extractions (USAE), the parameters investigated were temperature, time and speed of sonication. Finally, all the extracts were analyzed by HPLC for their phenolic contents. Results indicated that the highest extracted PC achieved by solvents was in distilled water where 1:100, Meal: Water ratio which extracted 40 mg PC / g PM at 30& 35°C. Highest extracted PC was achieved by alkaline medium at pH 12 more than acidic and neutral medium. While (USAE) at speed 8 ultrasonication and temperature 30ᵒC, extracted 49.2mg PC /g PM. Sothe ultrasound assisted extraction exhibited great influence on the extraction of phenolic compounds from peanut meal. The ultrasonic peanut extract was examined for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities. The antioxidant activity of PM phenolic extract prepared by ultrasonic technique, was measured by, β-carotene, and DPPH methods, and reducing antioxidant power. Results revealed values: 84.57, 57.72 and 5960 respectively. The PM extract showed different levels of antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria used. As for the anticarcinogenic effect PM phenolic extract most effective on inhibiting colon carcinoma and lung carcinoma cell lines with IC50 = 20.7 and 20.8 µ/ml., respectively. This was followed by intestinal carcinoma and liver carcinoma cell lines with IC50= 39.6 and 40.2µ/ml.

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Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Terpenes from Cannabis sativa L. By-Products: From Conventional to Intensified Processes

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10060942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 942

Author(s):

Emilie Isidore ◽

Hamza Karim ◽

Irina Ioannou

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽

By Products

Cannabis sativa L. is a controversial crop due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol content varieties; however, the hemp varieties get an increased interest. This paper describes (i) the main categories of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, stilbenoids and lignans) and terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) from C. sativa by-products and their biological activities and (ii) the main extraction techniques for their recovery. It includes not only common techniques such as conventional solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, but also intensification and emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction or supercritical CO2 extraction. The effect of the operating conditions on the yield and composition of these categories of phenolic compounds and terpenes was discussed. A thorough investigation of innovative extraction techniques is indeed crucial for the extraction of phenolic compounds and terpenes from cannabis toward a sustainable industrial valorization of the whole plant.

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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants from Lotus corniculatus

Croatica Chemica Acta ◽

10.5562/cca3549 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 369-377

Author(s):

Barbara Fumić ◽

Mario Jug ◽

Marijana Zovko Končić

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Lotus Corniculatus ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Phenolic Antioxidants ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from Lotus corniculatus was optimized using response surface methodology. The extraction was performed according to the Box–Behnken design with ethanol concentration, temperature, and pH, as independent variables. The responses were extraction yield, DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) IC50 and content of different phenolic compounds (total phenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as quercetin, kaempferol and genistein derivatives). The models were used to calculate best conditions for maximal extraction of phenolic compounds and antiradical activity. Use of the optimized extraction parameters increased the content of quercetin and kaempferol derivatives more than tenfold (from 6.07 to 65.10 mg mL–1 and 6.69 to 92.75 mg mL–1, respectively). The results of this work stress the importance of careful selection of conditions for flavonoids extraction. Abundance of bioactive phenolics in L. corniculatus extracts obtained under optimized extraction conditions opens the possibility for wider utilization of this plant.

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Comparison of Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Coconut Husk

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.891.83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 891 ◽

pp. 83-89

Author(s):

Attapon Nitiwattananon ◽

Saipin Thanachasai

Keyword(s):

Solvent Extraction ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Agitation Speed ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Conventional Extraction

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with conventional extraction methods, including conventional solvent extraction without agitation (CSE), conventional solvent extraction with agitation at 50 rpm (CSE50) and 150 rpm (CSE150), for the extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husk. The extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were examined. The antioxidant capacity of C. nucifera extracts was determined by using 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Experimental results showed that UAE gave the highest extraction yield, TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacities (ABTS and DPPH), followed by CSE150, CSE50 and CSE, respectively. UAE was found to be more effective than conventional extraction methods. Conventional solvent extraction with higher agitation speed exhibited higher extraction efficiency than those with lower agitation speed and without agitation.

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Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Apple Pomace

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26133783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 3783

Author(s):

Itziar Egüés ◽

Fabio Hernandez-Ramos ◽

Iván Rivilla ◽

Jalel Labidi

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Apple Pomace ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Maximum Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Technology

In the present work, the optimization of the extraction of antioxidant compounds from apple pomace using ultrasound technology as an environmentally friendly and intensification process was developed. Different sonication powers, extraction temperatures and extraction times were studied and their influence on extraction yield and characteristics of the extracted samples (total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity) are presented. The elaborated experimental design and the analysis of Pareto and response surface diagrams allowed us to determine the optimal extraction conditions. The conditions that allow the maximum extraction of phenolic compounds were found at 20 min, 90 °C and 50% ultrasound amplitude. Nevertheless, at these conditions, the antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH decreased in the extracted samples.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Kiwi Peel: Process Optimization and Bioactivity Assessment

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6416

Author(s):

Miguel Giordano ◽

José Pinela ◽

Maria Inês Dias ◽

Ricardo C. Calhelha ◽

Dejan Stojković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Low Cost ◽

Vero Cells ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ultrasonic Power ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Food Preservatives ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

The nutritional quality of kiwifruit has been highlighted by several studies, while its peel is typically discarded as a by-product with no commercial value. This study was carried out to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from kiwi peel. Three independent variables (time (t), ultrasonic power (P) and ethanol concentration (EtOH)) were combined in a five-level central composite rotatable design coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction yield determined gravimetrically and the content of phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn (namely two quercetin glycosides, one catechin isomer and one B-type (epi)catechin dimer) were the experimental responses used in the optimization. The polynomial models were successfully fitted to the experimental data and used to determine the optimal UAE conditions. The sonication of the sample at 94.4 W for 14.8 min, using 68.4% ethanol, resulted in a maximum of 1.51 ± 0.04 mg of flavonoids per g of extract, a result that allowed the experimental validation of the predictive model. The kiwi peel extract obtained under optimized conditions showed somehow promising bioactive properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and no toxicity to Vero cells. Overall, this study contributes to the valorization of kiwi peel as a low-cost raw material for the development of natural ingredients (such as food preservatives) and also to the resource-use efficiency and circular bioeconomy.

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Advanced Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Brown Algal Polysaccharides

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18030168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 168 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ana Dobrinčić ◽

Sandra Balbino ◽

Zoran Zorić ◽

Sandra Pedisić ◽

Danijela Bursać Kovačević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brown Algae ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Commercial Applications

Over the years, brown algae bioactive polysaccharides laminarin, alginate and fucoidan have been isolated and used in functional foods, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The extraction process of these polysaccharides includes several complex and time-consuming steps and the correct adjustment of extraction parameters (e.g., time, temperature, power, pressure, solvent and sample to solvent ratio) greatly influences the yield, physical, chemical and biochemical properties as well as their biological activities. This review includes the most recent conventional procedures for brown algae polysaccharides extraction along with advanced extraction techniques (microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and enzymes assisted extraction) which can effectively improve extraction process. The influence of these extraction techniques and their individual parameters on yield, chemical structure and biological activities from the most current literature is discussed, along with their potential for commercial applications as bioactive compounds and drug delivery systems.

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): optimization and modeling

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2020-0023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Gamaliel Che-Galicia ◽

Henry A. Váquiro-Herrera ◽

Álvaro Sampieri ◽

Edith Corona-Jiménez

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Electric Power ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Effective Diffusivity ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Persea Americana ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction

AbstractUltrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed to extract the total phenolic compounds from avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia; Lauraceae) leaves with different electric powers (UAE 0%, UAE 60%, and UAE 100%) and extraction times. Ultrasonic extraction parameters were optimized by using a mathematical model made by stepwise regression (SWR) for the determination of the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, TPC extraction was modeled applying heterogeneous models to elucidate the involved mechanisms phenomena that determine the extraction rates. Optimization results found that the maximum value of TPC reached 48,732 mg GAE/100 g D.M. at 84.5% electric power and 29.7 min of extraction, which was superior to 0% electric power UAE. It was also found that the ultrasound causes the degradation of phenolic compounds, whereas the final extraction yield of TPC increases and their antioxidant activity decreased with the increase of ultrasound electric power. Proposed models gave a satisfactory quality of fit data using a second-order reaction for the degradation kinetics of TPC under ultrasound application. The estimated effective diffusivity values were in a range from 1.3889 × 10−11 m2/s to 2.2128 × 10−11 m2/s for the UAE 0% and UAE 100%, respectively. UAE significantly increased the extraction yield through the enhancement of the effective diffusivity, demonstrating that it is a promising technology to extract phenolic substances from avocado leaves.

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Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27010113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Henghui Zhang ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Dongliang He ◽

Dongliang Zou ◽

Runzhu Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

E Coli ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Solid Liquid

In the present work, the extraction process of total flavonoids (TFs) from X. sorbifolia flowers by ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized under the response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration of 80%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:37 (g/mL), temperature of 84 °C, and extraction time of 1 h. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction yield of the TFs was 3.956 ± 0.04%. The radical scavenging capacities of TFs against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) were much greater than that of rutin. The results of antibacterial experiments indicated that the TFs displayed strong inhibitory activities on E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, X. sorbifolia flowers can be used as a novel source of natural flavonoids, and the TFs have potential applications as natural antioxidants or antibacterial agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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