Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production

Recently, the marketable value of ω-3 fatty acid, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), increased considering their health effects for human consumption. Microalgae are considered a valuable and “green” source of EPA alternative to fish oils, but considerable efforts are necessary for their exploitation at an industrial level. Due to the high operation costs of photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation, heterotrophic growth represents a promising economic solution. Marine diatoms are the major ecological producers of ω-3 fatty acids. Few species of diatoms are capable to grow in the dark using organic carbon sources. The marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica was cultivated for 14 days under photoautotrophic and heterotrophic conditions to define the effects on growth parameters, lipid production, total fatty acids and EPA content. Photoautotrophic conditions led to a total EPA production of 1.6% of dry weight, 12.2 mg L−1 culture and productivity of 0.9 mg L−1 day−1. The heterotrophy cultures reported a total EPA production of 2.7% of dry cell weight, 18 mg L−1 culture, a productivity of 1.3 mg L−1 day−1, which are promising values in the prospective of improving culture parameters for the biotechnological exploitation of dark cultivation. C. cryptica could be a potential candidate for the heterotrophic production of EPA, also considering its robustness, capacity to resist to bacterial contaminations and plasticity of lipid metabolism.

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Lipid production by microalgae Chlorella protothecoides with volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as carbon sources in heterotrophic cultivation and its economic assessment

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering ◽

10.1007/s00449-014-1308-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 691-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Qiang Fei ◽

Rongzhan Fu ◽

Longan Shang ◽

Christopher J. Brigham ◽

Ho Nam Chang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Chlorella Protothecoides ◽

Heterotrophic Cultivation

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Lipids by Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Cultivated on Glucose in Batch Cultures

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8071054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erdem Carsanba ◽

Seraphim Papanikolaou ◽

Patrick Fickers ◽

Huseyin Erten

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Microbial Lipid ◽

Culture Collections ◽

Batch Cultures ◽

Food Biotechnology ◽

High Lipid ◽

Dry Cell Weight

Oleaginous microorganisms, such as Yarrowia lipolytica, accumulate lipids that can have interesting applications in food biotechnology or the synthesis of biodiesel. Y. lipolytica yeast can have many advantages such as wide substrate range usage and robustness to extreme conditions, while under several culture conditions it can produce high lipid productivity. Based on this assumption, in this study, 12 different Yarrowia lipolytica strains were used to investigate microbial lipid production using a glucose-based medium under nitrogen-limited conditions in shake-flask cultivations. Twelve wild-type or mutant strains of Yarrowia lipolytica which were newly isolated or belonged to official culture collections were tested, and moderate lipid quantities (up to 1.30 g/L) were produced; in many instances, nitrogen limitation led to citric acid production in the medium. Lipids were mainly composed of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Most of the fatty acids of the microbial lipid were unsaturated and corresponded mainly to oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. Linolenic acid (C18:3) was produced in significant quantities (between 10% and 20%, wt/wt of dry cell weight (DCW)) by strains H917 and Po1dL.

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Maximizing Biomass and Lipid Production in Heterotrophic Culture of Chlorella vulgaris: Techno-Economic Assessment

Recent Patents on Food Nutrition & Agriculturee ◽

10.2174/2212798410666180911100034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 115-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad H. Morowvat ◽

Younes Ghasemi

Keyword(s):

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Heterotrophic Culture ◽

Heterotrophic Cultivation ◽

Dry Cell Weight ◽

Autotrophic Culture

Background: Nowadays, chlorophycean microalgae have attained a broad-spectrum attention as a potential candidate for biomass and bioenergy production. Despite their appreciated benefits, one of major problems is their low biomass and lipid productivity. Here we investigated the heterotrophic culture in shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactor to improve the lipid and biomass production in a naturally isolated strain of Chlorella vulgaris. Methods: A naturally isolated C. vulgaris strain was cultivated in BG-11 medium in shake flask and bioreactor. Its biochemical composition and growth kinetic parameters were investigated. Results: The biomass productivity was improved (3.68 fold) under heterotrophic culture compared to basal autotrophic culture condition in shake flask experiment. The total lipid content increased to 44% of total Dry Cell Weight (DCW) during heterotrophic growth after 21 days. Moreover, a great Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) yield was observed under heterotrophic cultivation. Total biomass and lipid content of microalgae in bioreactor experiment increased to 4.95 and 2.18 g L-1 respectively, during 5 days of the experiment compared to its basic autotrophic culture. Conclusion: The techno-economic aspects of exploiting C. vulgaris as a biodiesel feedstock werealso evaluated. The results imply that heterotrophic cultivation could compensate the low biomass productivity in microalgae for green energy production. Ever growing rates of established patents on application of various genetic and bioengineering-based methods have made it possible to achieve higher lipid contents with reduced total costs for microalgal biodiesel production as well.

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Novel pectinase from Piriformospora indica, optimization of growth parameters and enzyme production in submerged culture condition

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2017-0192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 289-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Heidarizadeh ◽

Parisa Fathi Rezaei ◽

Saleh Shahabivand

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Piriformospora Indica ◽

Future Application ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Dry Cell Weight ◽

Optimum Ph ◽

Pectinase Activity ◽

Pectinase Production

AbstractBackground:Pectinases are one of the upcoming enzymes in food processing industries and they hydrolyze pectin substances.Objectives:This study was done to examine the production of pectinase byPiriformospora indicain submerged fermentation (SmF) along with growth parameters.Materials and methods:The fungusP. indicawas cultured on Kafer medium supplemented with pectin for 0–12 days and fungus growth, number of spores, total protein content, and pectinase activity were investigated.Results:Firstly, pectinase secretion byP. indicawas confirmed by cup-plate assay. The maximum dry cell weight (10.21 g/L), growth yield (0.65 g/g), specific growth rate (0.56 day−1) and pectinase activity (10.47 U/mL) on pectin containing medium (P+) were achieved after 6 day of culture. In the case of pectin free medium (P−) all the parameters were less than P+medium. The pectinase production byP. indicaon P+was 2.7 times higher than P−. The optimum pH and temperature for maximum polygalacturonase activity were 5 and 50°C, respectively.Conclusions:For the first time, the work confirmed pectinase secretion byP. indicafungus and it could be a good source for pectinase production. Moreover, optimum pH 5, make it a potential candidate for future application in fruit juice industries.

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The Effect of Trophic Modes on Biomass and Lipid Production of Five Microalgal Strains

Water ◽

10.3390/w14020240 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 240

Author(s):

Andonia Nicodemou ◽

Michalis Kallis ◽

Anastasia Agapiou ◽

Androulla Markidou ◽

Michalis Koutinas

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽

Isochrysis Galbana ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Glucose Consumption ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Heterotrophic Cultivation ◽

High Lipid

Five microalgae strains, namely Isochrysis galbana, Microchloropsis gaditana, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, were selected as potential candidates for polyunsaturated fatty acids’ production, evaluating biomass productivity and their capacity to accumulate high lipid contents under different trophic modes. Microalgae strains were cultivated in the presence of 1% glucose using mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, while autotrophic cultures served as control experiments. The results demonstrate that S. obliquus performed the highest biomass productivity that reached 0.13 and 0.14 g L−1 d−1 under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, respectively. I. galbana and S. obliquus utilized elevated contents of glucose in mixotrophy, removing 55.9% and 95.6% of the initial concentration of the carbohydrate, respectively, while glucose consumption by the aforementioned strains also remained high under heterotrophic cultivation. The production of lipids was maximal for I. galbana in mixotrophy and S. obliquus in heterotrophy, performing lipid productivities of 24.85 and 22.77 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The most abundant saturated acid detected for all microalgae strains evaluated was palmitic acid (C16:0), while oleic and linolenic acids (C18:1n9c/C18:3n3) comprised the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids. I. galbana performed the highest linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content under heterotrophic nutrition, which reached 87.9 mg g−1 of ash-free dry weight. Among the microalgae strains compared, the biomass and lipid production monitored for I. galbana and S. obliquus confirm that both strains could serve as efficient bioproducers for application in algal biorefineries.

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Enhancement of gamma-linolenic acid production by the fungus Mucor sp LB-54 by growth temperature

Revista de Microbiologia ◽

10.1590/s0001-37141999000200016 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 170-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho ◽

Joaquim Gilberto de Oliveira ◽

Gláucia Maria Pastore

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Growth Temperature ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Glucose Addition ◽

Dry Cell Weight ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Maximal Production

As a relatively prolific producer of GLA, the strain of Mucor sp LB-54 was selected for a study at different growth temperatures in shaker flask culture. The strain used in our experiment was capable to accumulate a relatively high amount of intracellular lipid, 20.73 % of dry cell weight, and GLA content of 15 % of total fatty acids after 5 days of incubation at 28°C. As the growth temperature was decreased from 28 to 12°C the percentage of GLA increased from 15 to 24 % of total fatty acids. In order to optimize the culture conditions for rapid biomass production and lipid production with a high proportion of GLA, the fungus was grown at two temperature combinations associated supplies of carbon source (glucose) in the culture medium. Maximal production of GLA (74 mg/l) was obtained from the Mucor sp LB-54 strain after 5 days of incubation at 28°C in basal medium following glucose addition (7 % w/v) and incubation for an additional 3 days at 12°C. The identity of GLA found in the strain of Mucor sp LB-54 was confirmed by the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

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Identification and quantification of dicarboxylic fatty acids in head tissue of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

European Food Research and Technology ◽

10.1007/s00217-021-03747-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katja Lehnert ◽

Mamun M. Rashid ◽

Benoy Kumar Barman ◽

Walter Vetter

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Low Income ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Human Consumption ◽

The European Union

AbstractNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was grown in Bangladesh with four different feeding treatments as part of a project that aims to produce fish in a cost-effective way for low-income consumers in developing countries. Fillet and head tissue was analysed because both tissues were destined for human consumption. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of transesterified fatty acid methyl ester extracts indicated the presence of ~ 50 fatty acids. Major fatty acids in fillet and head tissue were palmitic acid and oleic acid. Both linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds were presented in quantities > 10% of total fatty acids in fillet, but lower in head tissue. Erucic acid levels were below the newly proposed tolerable daily intake in the European Union, based on the consumption of 200 g fillet per day. Moreover, further analysis produced evidence for the presence of the dicarboxylic fatty acid azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid, Di9:0) in head tissue. To verify this uncommon finding, countercurrent chromatography was used to isolate Di9:0 and other dicarboxylic acids from a technical standard followed by its quantification. Di9:0 contributed to 0.4–1.3% of the fatty acid profile in head tissue, but was not detected in fillet. Fish fed with increasing quantities of flaxseed indicated that linoleic acid was the likely precursor of Di9:0 in the head tissue samples.

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Apparent Digestibility of Macronutrients and Fatty Acids from Microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) Fed to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A Potential Candidate for Fish Oil Substitution

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 456

Author(s):

Amélie Bélanger ◽

Pallab K. Sarker ◽

Dominique P. Bureau ◽

Yvan Chouinard ◽

Grant W. Vandenberg

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Rainbow Trout ◽

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Aquaculture Feed

Aquaculture feed formulation has recently turned its focus to reduce the reliance on marine-derived resources and utilise alternative feedstuffs, as an approach to improve the environmental sustainability of the aquaculture sector. The fish oil market is highly volatile, and availability of this commodity is continuously decreasing for use in aquaculture. Currently, a growing number of commercial efforts producing microalgae are providing omega 3-rich oil for sustainable aquaculture feed. This study was focused to determine the nutrient digestibility of a marine microalga, Schizochytrium spp., which is rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), as a novel dietary lipid source that could be utilized effectively by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A whole-cell Schizochytrium spp. biomass was used in the digestibility experiment at two different temperatures, 8 °C and 15 °C. No significant differences were detected between the two temperatures for the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dry matter (94.3 ± 4.9%), total lipids (85.8 ± 0.0%), crude proteins (89.5 ± 1.8%), energy (83.1 ± 1.7%) and fatty acids (85.8 ± 7.5%). The ADCs of the nutrients, energy, DHA and other fatty acids showed that Schizochytrium spp. is a high-quality candidate for fish oil substitution and supplement of LC-PUFA in fish feed with vegetable oils.

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Insights into the physiology of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in sweet sorghum bagasse hydrolysate for sustainable algal biomass and lipid production

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86372-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Neha Arora ◽

George P. Philippidis

Keyword(s):

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Scale Up ◽

Cellular Growth ◽

Sweet Sorghum Bagasse ◽

Triacylglycerol Synthesis ◽

Sugar Addition ◽

Dry Cell Weight ◽

Sorghum Bagasse ◽

Mixotrophic Conditions

AbstractSupplementing cultivation media with exogenous carbon sources enhances biomass and lipid production in microalgae. Utilization of renewable organic carbon from agricultural residues can potentially reduce the cost of algae cultivation, while enhancing sustainability. In the present investigation a medium was developed from sweet sorghum bagasse for cultivation of Chlorella under mixotrophic conditions. Using response surface methodology, the optimal values of critical process parameters were determined, namely inoculum cell density (O.D.750) of 0.786, SSB hydrolysate content of the medium 25% v/v, and zero medium salinity, to achieve maximum lipid productivity of 120 mg/L/d. Enhanced biomass (3.44 g/L) and lipid content (40% of dry cell weight) were observed when the alga was cultivated in SSB hydrolysate under mixotrophic conditions compared to heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. A time course investigation revealed distinct physiological responses in terms of cellular growth and biochemical composition of C. vulgaris cultivated in the various trophic modes. The determined carbohydrate and lipid profiles indicate that sugar addition to the cultivation medium boosts neutral lipid synthesis compared to structural lipids, suggesting that carbon flux is channeled towards triacylglycerol synthesis in the cells. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile of lipids extracted from mixotrophically grown cultures contained more saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, which are suitable for biofuel manufacturing. Scale-up studies in a photobioreactor using SSB hydrolysate achieved a biomass concentration of 2.83 g/L consisting of 34% lipids and 26% carbohydrates. These results confirmed that SSB hydrolysate is a promising feedstock for mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella and synthesis of algal bioproducts and biofuels.

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