The Negative Relationship between Fouling Organisms and the Content of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Cultivated Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas

Bivalves serve as an important aquaculture product, as they are the source of essential fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in our diet. However, their cultivation in the wild can be affected by fouling organisms that, in turn, affect their EPA and DHA content. The effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents of cultivated bivalves have not been well documented. We examined the effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents and condition index of cultured oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in an aquaculture system. We sampled two-year-old oysters from five sites in Shizugawa Bay, Japan, in August 2014. Most of the fouling organisms were sponges, macroalgae, and Mytilus galloprovincialis. A significant negative relationship existed between the DHA content in C. gigas and the presence of sponges and macroalgae. A lower C. gigas EPA content corresponded to a higher M. galloprovincialis fouling mass and a lower C. gigas condition index. This can be explained by dietary competition between C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis for diatoms, which were the main producer of EPA in our study sites. Our findings indicate that fouling organisms likely reduce the EPA and DHA content in cultivated oysters. Therefore, our results suggest that the current efforts to remove fouling organisms from oyster clusters is an effective strategy to enhance the content of EPA and DHA in oysters.

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Relationship between fish oil intake by dairy cows and the yield of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in their milk

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200005810 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2001 ◽

pp. 199-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Rymer ◽

C. Dyer ◽

D.I. Givens ◽

R. Allison

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Fish Consumption ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

The Uk

The dietary essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are predominantly found in fish oil, but fish consumption in the UK is low. Increasing the yield of EPA and DHA in cows’ milk would increase human intakes of EPA and DHA, and this can be achieved by including fish oil in cows’ diets. However, because EPA and DHA are susceptible to rumen biohydrogenation, their transfer efficiency into milk is low.In vitroobservations by Gulatiet al. (1999) suggested that if the concentration of fish oil in the rumen exceeded 1 mg/ml, EPA and DHA were not hydrogenated. The objectives of this study were therefore to determine the relationships between fish oil intake by dairy cows, and the probable concentrations of fish oil in the cows’ rumen, with the yield of EPA and DHA in their milk.

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Dietary manipulation to increase conjugated linoleic acids and other desirable fatty acids in beef: A review

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a03-002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 673-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

P. S. Mir ◽

M. Ivan ◽

M. L. He ◽

B. Pink ◽

E. Okine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽

Feeding Management ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Total Fat

The diet is the source of many essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids for all mammals. These fatty acids either, as altered isomers or as other elongated products, have been found to provide unique advantages to human health. Currently two conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; trans-10, cis-12 C18:2) and two elongated products of linolenic acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3)] have been recognized for their roles in maintaining human health. Consumers can obtain these functional fatty acids from beef if the feeding management of beef cattle can be altered to include precursor fatty acids. Diet, breed, and gender are important factors that affect total fat content and/or the fatty acid profile of beef with regard to CLA, EPA, and DHA. Diet provides the precursor fatty acids that are altered and deposited, and breed dictates, the amount of fat that is deposited. These fatty acids can be increased in beef by increasing the forage:concentrate ratio, inclusion of non-fermented forage, and supplementation with various oils or oil seeds. The CLA and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) concentration in beef was increased by feeding sunflower oil or seeds, linseed, and soybean oil supplemented diets, while cattle fed linseed and fish oil supplemented diets had increased concentrations of EPA and DHA. Although the concentration of these fatty acids can be increased in beef, there is a need to further the understanding of the mechanism by which they exert positive affects on human health. Key words: Cattle, beef, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

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Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19020113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Marine Remize ◽

Yves Brunel ◽

Joana L. Silva ◽

Jean-Yves Berthon ◽

Edith Filaire

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Global Warming ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Food And Feed

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.

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Differential and shared effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on serum metabolome in subjects with chronic inflammation

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95590-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wan-Chi Chang ◽

Jisun So ◽

Stefania Lamon-Fava

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Cell Function ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

The Tca Cycle ◽

Tca Cycle Intermediates

AbstractThe omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect cell function and metabolism, but the differential effects of EPA and DHA are not known. In a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study, we assessed the effects of 10-week supplementation with EPA-only and DHA-only (3 g/d), relative to a 4-week lead-in phase of high oleic acid sunflower oil (3 g/day, defined as baseline), on fasting serum metabolites in 21 subjects (9 men and 12 post-menopausal women) with chronic inflammation and some characteristics of metabolic syndrome. Relative to baseline, EPA significantly lowered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates fumarate and α-ketoglutarate and increased glucuronate, UDP-glucuronate, and non-esterified DHA. DHA significantly lowered the TCA cycle intermediates pyruvate, citrate, isocitrate, fumarate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate, and increased succinate and glucuronate. Pathway analysis showed that both EPA and DHA significantly affected the TCA cycle, the interconversion of pentose and glucuronate, and alanine, and aspartate and glutamate pathways (FDR < 0.05) and that DHA had a significantly greater effect on the TCA cycle than EPA. Our results indicate that EPA and DHA exhibit both common and differential effects on cell metabolism in subjects with chronic inflammation and some key aspects of metabolic syndrome.

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STUDY ON THE THERMAL STABILITY OF EPA AND DHA IN MUJAHIR (Oreochromis mossambicus) FISH OIL

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21823 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 152-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ngatidjo Hadipranoto

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽

Heating Process ◽

Fresh Water Fish ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Indirect Heating

EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) content in common fresh water fish : mujahir (Oreochromis mossambicus) after indirect heating were analysed. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of indirect heating process and α-tocopherol additions on both fatty acid stability.Lipids content in the mujahir fillets were extracted by Folch method using chloroform-metanol (2:1) mixture. Fatty acids in fish oil were converted to fatty acid methyl esters and then injected into gas chromatography to determine the EPA and DHA concentration. Operating condition of gas chromatography were programmed as follows: injection port temperature at 270 oC, detector at 280 oC, initial column temperature at 200 oC, and the final at 280 oC, the carrier gas was helium with flow rate of 10 ml per minute and temperature of column was increased gradually at 10 oC per minute. The effect of α-tocopherol addition on the stability of EPA and DHA was studied by adding α-tocopherol at 50 to 200 mg per kilogram sample before indirect heating process was carried out.The analysis of mujahir fish oil showed that the content of EPA and DHA in 100 grams fresh sample was 105 and 406,5 mg respectivelly. Indirect heating caused the EPA and DHA content decreased significantly. The addition of α-tocopherol results in a positive corelation between α-tocopherol concentration added and the decrease of EPA and DHA content during the heating process. Keywords: fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

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Effects of Essential Fatty Acids Containing Natural and Commercial Diets on Larvae Rearing of the Green Mud Crab Scylla Paramamosain (Estampador 1949)

Journal of Scientific Research ◽

10.3329/jsr.v1i1.28805 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 109-126

Author(s):

M. L. Islam ◽

M. S. Islam ◽

K. Yahya ◽

R. Hashim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Scylla Paramamosain ◽

Mud Crab ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Commercial Diet ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Commercial Diets

Effect of essential fatty acids (EFA) on growth and survival of the green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) larvae was assessed by feeding with natural to commercial diets. The feeding schemes were: larvae reared with Artemia (T1); larvae initially fed with rotifers (up to Z2) and ended (Z3 to megalopa) with Artemia (T2); and larvae fed with rotifers up to Z2 and ended (Z3 to megalopa) with commercial diet (T3). The commercial diet had significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (11.23%), ?n-3s (15.90%) and ?n-6s (4.21%); and lacked in eicosapentaenoic acid (2.25%) than rotifer and Artemia. The earliest commencement of megalopa stage within 15 days with significantly (p<0.05) higher larval stage index (LSI) of 5.90±0.17 was achieved from the feeding scheme of T2 than other two feeding schemes. This feeding scheme deposited 17.32±0.19% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 3.82±0.11% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); the ?n-3 to ?n-6 ratio of 0.20 and EPA to DHA ratio of 0.22 in megalopa, that stimulated significantly higher (p<0.05) megalopa survival (20.00±6.96%) indicating the superiority over rest feeding schemes. Meanwhile, some deformities and mortalities in Z5 and megalopa stages suggested further studies for optimization of specific fatty acid requirements for late larval stages (Z5 and megalopa).

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Changes in biochemical and hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas fed T-Iso supplemented with lipid emulsions rich in eicosapentaenoic acid

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.jembe.2006.12.021 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 343 (2) ◽

pp. 261-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Maryse Delaporte ◽

Fu-Lin Chu ◽

Chris Langdon ◽

Jeanne Moal ◽

Christophe Lambert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Crassostrea Gigas ◽

Lipid Emulsions ◽

Pacific Oysters ◽

The Pacific

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Differential Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Serum Metabolome

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab037_012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 302-302

Author(s):

Wan Chi Chang ◽

Jisun So ◽

Stefania Lamon-Fava

Keyword(s):

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Glucuronic Acid ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

The Tca Cycle

Abstract Objectives The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to have shared and independent effects on inflammation and on lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the differential effects of EPA and DHA on serum metabolome remain elusive in humans. Methods Twenty-one subjects (9 men and 12 women, 50–75 y) with chronic inflammation (C reactive protein > 2 μg/mL) were enrolled in a randomized, controlled crossover trial consisting of a 4-week lead-in phase (high oleic sunflower oil, 3 g/d; baseline) followed by randomization to two sequential 10-week supplementation phases with pure EPA and DHA (3 g/d each) separated by a 10-week washout. Primary metabolites (n = 129) were measured in fasting serum samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linear-mixed model was created to compare changes in metabolites by EPA and DHA relative to baseline. Pathway analysis (MetaboAnalyst 4.0, https://www.metaboanalyst.ca) was performed to identify the biological pathways associated with affected metabolites. Results DHA altered a greater number of metabolites than EPA (19 vs 11). Both EPA and DHA significantly lowered constitutive metabolites of the TCA cycle and the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway, with DHA showing a greater reduction than EPA. EPA significantly increased UDP-glucuronic acid and glucuronic acid, and DHA increased only glucuronic acid, thus affecting pathways where these metabolites play key roles (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; pentose and glucuronate interconversions). Conclusions DHA affected more metabolites than EPA. The greater impact of DHA on the TCA cycle and the larger effect of EPA on the glucose-derived glucuronic acid-related pathways suggest their differential ability to modulate metabolic pathways. Funding Sources Grant number: 2015–67,017-23,142 from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department Of Agriculture.

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Abstract 13314: Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Epicardial Fat Volume; Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.13314 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Aziz Asbeutah ◽

Maral Amangurbanova ◽

Smaha Waseem ◽

Hasan Mirza ◽

Francine K Welty

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Triglyceride Level ◽

Epicardial Fat ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis ◽

Epicardial Fat Volume ◽

Fat Volume

Introduction: Epicardial adipose tissue is an ectopic fat depot that may be associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis. Reduction in weight has been associated with a reduction in epicardial fat volume in several studies. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are known to lower triglyceride level. Whether the reduction in triglyceride level is associated with a reduction in epicardial fat volume is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that EPA and DHA reduce triglyceride levels and possibly can cause regression of epicardial fat volume after 30 months of therapy. Methods: A total of 139 patients with stable coronary artery disease on statins were randomized to EPA and DHA versus none for 30 months. Epicardial fat volume was measured with coronary computed tomographic angiography at baseline and 30 months. Change in epicardial fat volume was calculated. Results: No difference in baseline characteristics was observed (Table). At 30-month follow-up, those on EPA and DHA had a significant 6.7% reduction in triglyceride level compared to a 12.6% increase in controls (p=0.02). However, there was no difference in percent change in epicardial fat volume between control and EPA/DHA groups at 30 months (-3.1% [-16.7, 4.9] vs. -5.0% [-13.1,7.3], p-value=0.80, respectively). There was no significant change in body mass index in either group at 30-month follow-up. Conclusions: EPA and DHA led to a significant reduction of triglyceride level; however, there was no corresponding significant reduction in epicardial fat volume. This finding suggests that lowering triglyceride level does not affect epicardial fat volume.

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