scholarly journals Reasons for the Early Introduction of Complementary Feeding to HIV-Exposed Infants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: An Exploratory Qualitative Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Exclusive breastfeeding has many health benefits for the baby and the mother. This study explored the reasons for the early introduction of supplementary feeding before six months, and the issues faced by parturient women in practicing exclusive breast feeding (EBF) for their HIV-exposed infants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Narratives from 319 parturient women with HIV (aged 18 years and above) were collected at three hospitals in the Eastern Cape through semi-structured interviews over a period of five months. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The maternal perception of HIV transmission from breast milk influenced the decision for the immediate introduction of formula feeding. Breast sores, lumps, surgery and perceived insufficiency of milk influenced the decision of mothers to initiate formula feeding within the first two months. However, mothers who initiated complementary feeding after two months were driven by factors common among newborns (refusal of breast milk, baby crying inconsolably and fear of losing weight) and social factors (economic or financial hardships and work-related challenges). Additionally, advice from family members weighed heavily in the decision to switch to complementary feeding, contrary to the healthcare providers’ recommendations. Early complementary feeding for HIV-exposed infants is influenced by maternal perceptions of breast milk transmission, breast and infant factors and socio-economic and cultural practices in the region. Thus, behavioural interventions tailored towards promoting exclusive breastfeeding practices in this population, starting from the pre-natal and continuing during the post-partum period, should also target the immediate family members. National policy should focus on creating an EBF-friendly environment at the workplace for women.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers on antiretroviral therapy in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is associated with a reduction of postnatal HIV transmission and optimal infant growth. Given that the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding are multi-factorial and context-specific, we examined the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first 6 months among mothers on antiretroviral therapy in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January to May 2018, on 469 parturient women enlisted in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cohort study in the Eastern Cape. Mothers were asked to recall whether they breastfed their infant exclusively with breast milk from birth and if so, to state how long they did. We collected relevant sociodemographic, lifestyle, and maternal information by interview. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were fitted to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Results The prevalence of six-month exclusive breastfeeding, measured since birth, was 32.0%. E Exclusive breastfeeding’s prevalence was significantly higher among married women (36.8%), unemployed women (36.6%), non-smokers (32.7%), and those who never drank alcohol (37.0%). Unemployed women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.08–2.56) and those with grade 12 or less level of education (AOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.02–7.49) had a higher likelihood of practising EBF for 6 months since birth while mothers who consumed alcohol (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34–0.85) were less likely to practice EBF for 6 months. Conclusions The prevalence of six-month exclusive breastfeeding in the study, although comparable with sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide prevalence, remains suboptimal. Advocacy campaigns on EBF must target alcohol cessation and the creation of a favourable workplace environment for lactating mothers.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers on antiretroviral therapy in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is associated with a reduction of postnatal HIV transmission and optimal infant growth. Given that the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding are multi-factorial and context-specific, we examined the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months among mothers on antiretroviral therapy in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January – May 2018 on 469 parturient women enlisted in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cohort study in the Eastern Cape. Mothers were asked to recall whether they breastfed their infant exclusively with breast milk from birth and if so, to state how long they did. We collected relevant sociodemographic, lifestyle, and maternal information by interview. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were fitted to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice.Results: The prevalence of six-month exclusive breastfeeding, measured since birth, was 32.0%. EBF’s prevalence was significantly higher among married women (36.8%), unemployed women (36.6%), non-smokers (32.7%), and those who never drank alcohol (37.0%). Unemployed women [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval CI), 1.08-2.56] and those with grade 12 or less level of education (AOR =2.76, 95% CI, 1.02-7.49) had a higher likelihood of practising EBF for six months since birth while mothers who consumed alcohol (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI, 0.34-0.85) were less likely to practice EBF for six months. Conclusions: The prevalence of six-month exclusive breastfeeding in the study, although comparable with sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide prevalence, remains suboptimal. Advocacy campaigns on EBF must target alcohol cessation and the creation of a favourable workplace environment for lactating mothers.

scholarly journals Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding on infant growth and morbidity

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
T. Khadivzadeh ◽  
S. Parsai
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Height Gain ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Infants Feeding

A cohort study was conducted in the Islamic Republic of Iran between January 1997 and February 1998 to compare the growth and morbidity of 100 infants who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and 100 who received breast milk and complementary foods between 4-6 months. Infants’ feeding pattern, weight and height were assessed and recorded. There were no significant differences in infants’ weight and height gain between 4 and 6 months. The rate of diarrhoea between ages 4 and 6 months was significantly lower in exclusively breastfed infants than in complementary food-fed infants [11% versus 27%] and respiratory infections were also lower [23% versus 35%]. We conclude that exclusive breastfeeding is superior at least until an infant is 6 months of age

scholarly journals Predictors of mortality among HIV exposed infants at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalachew Adugna Wubneh ◽  
Aklilu Endalamaw ◽  
Nigusie Birhan Tebeje
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, vertical HIV transmission has been decreased. This may increase fertility desire of HIV infected women and an increasing number of HIV exposed infants as a result. A high probability of mortality among HIV exposed infants was reported across different countries. However, few studies are found on mortality of HIV exposed infants, in particular, no study was conducted before in the current study area. Methods Institution based retrospective cohort study from July 2013 to December 2017 was conducted. A total of 408 HIV exposed children were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from registration book by using data extraction tool, which is adapted from the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health HIV exposed infant follow-up form. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to show the probability of mortality rate. Bivariable and multivariable cox regression models were used to identify predictors of mortality. Results Overall mortality rate was found to be 8.88 (95% CI: 6.36–12.36) per 100 child-year. Infant with death of at least one parent (AHR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.503–7.32), non-exclusive breastfeeding (AHR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.037–0.302), growth failure (AHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.09–8.09), presence of sign and symptom of HIV infection (AHR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.33–6.74), and low birth weight (AHR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.007–6.78) were found to be predictors of infant mortality. Conclusions Mortality of HIV exposed infants was high in Ethiopia. Prevention of the occurrence of HIV infection symptom, growth failure, and low birth weight is essential and further treat early whenever they occurred. Still, behavioral change interventions on mother who practice non-exclusive breastfeeding are indicated. Especial care for orphan infants is required due to their nature of vulnerability to varieties of health problem.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis B and C in HIV-exposed South African infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Tamandjou Tchuem ◽  
Mark Fredric Cotton ◽  
Etienne Nel ◽  
Richard Tedder ◽  
Wolfgang Preiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Lamivudine Resistance ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hcv Antibody ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background Whilst much attention is given to eliminating HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), little has been done to ensure the same for hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. The introduction of HBV immunization at six weeks of age has reduced HBV horizontal transmission in South Africa. However, in order to eliminate HBV MTCT, further interventions are needed. The risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) MTCT in HIV-infected (HIV+) African women is not yet well described. This study aimed to determine the rate of HBV and HCV vertical transmission in HIV-exposed infants in South Africa. Methods Serum samples from infants enrolled in an isoniazid prevention study (P1041) were screened for HBV and HCV serology markers; screening was performed on samples collected at approximately 60 weeks of age of the infants. HBV DNA was quantified in HBsAg positive samples and HBV strains characterized through gene sequencing. All HCV antibody samples with inconclusive results underwent molecular testing. Results Three of 821 infants were positive for both HBsAg and HBV DNA. All HBV strains belonged to HBV sub-genotype A1. The rtM204I mutation associated with lamivudine resistance was identified in one infant, a second infant harboured the double A1762T/G1764A BCP mutation. Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering between mother and infant viral genomic sequences. Twenty-one of 821 HIV-exposed infants tested had inconclusive HCV antibody results, none were HCV PCR positive. Conclusions This study suggests that HBV vertical transmission is likely to be occurring in HIV-exposed infants in South Africa.. A more robust strategy of HBV prevention, including birth dose vaccination, is required to eradicate HBV MTCT. HCV infection was not detected.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and complementary feeding among HIV-exposed infants: a prospective cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. e12358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pili Kamenju ◽  
Enju Liu ◽  
Ellen Hertzmark ◽  
Donna Spiegelman ◽  
Rodrick Kisenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

scholarly journals Feeding Practices among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Infants in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Habtamu Temesgen ◽  
Ayenew Negesse ◽  
Temesgen Getaneh ◽  
Yibelu Bazezew ◽  
Dessalegn Haile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Replacement Feeding ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Background. Infant and young child feeding in the context of human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected mothers has significant challenges due to the risk of transmission of the virus via breastfeeding. In Ethiopia, a number of independent studies have been conducted to assess the feeding practice of HIV-exposed infants. But, there is no concrete evidence to show the national figure in Ethiopia. Hence, this review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of feeding practices among HIV exposed infants in Ethiopia. Methods. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed. Articles were searched through search engines in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and direct Google search. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument adapted for cross-sectional study design was used for quality assessment. The random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of infant feeding practices. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Trim and fill analysis was performed. Additionally, meta-regression was also performed. Results. In this review, a total of 26, 22, and 22 studies and 7413, 6224, and 6222 study participants for exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding, and mixed feelings were included, respectively. The overall pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding, and mixed feeding of HIV exposed infant was 63.99 % (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 52.32, 75.66), 16.13% (95% CI: 11.92, 20.32), and 20.95% (95% CI: 11.35, 30.58)) in Ethiopia, respectively. Conclusion and Recommendations. In Ethiopia, almost three in five HIV-exposed infants were exclusively breastfed. But still, mixed feeding during the period of first 6 months was practiced in almost one-fifth of the exposed infants in Ethiopia. Additionally, replacement feeding was also practiced even though not recommended for developing countries. Therefore, the government of Ethiopia should strengthen the health institutions to implement the existing infant feeding strategies and guidelines to increase exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and to avoid mixed feeding during the periods of six months.

scholarly journals Studi Komparatif Pemberian Susu Formula dan ASI Ekslusif Terhadap Kejadian ISPA Bayi Umur 0-6 Bulan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Narmawan Narmawan ◽  
Yuni Widya Pangestika ◽  
Tahiruddin Tahiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Public Health Center

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a disease that can cause death in infants in developing countries including Indonesia. Exclusive breastfeeding and formula milk and environment are factors that influence the incidence of ARI. This study aims for determine differences in infants aged 0-6 months in Lameuru public health center. The study uses a comparative descriptive method with a retrospective study approach. Until in this study were all infants aged 0-6 months. The total sample of 116 babies. The data used are secondary data take from medical records using observation sheets. Data analysis using chi square test. The results of this study showed that babies who were given formula milk experienced more ARI namely 30,2% while babies who did not experience ARI were given 34,5% exclusive breast milk. There is a difference between formula feeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the incidence of ARI p= 0,003 (p<0,005). It was concluded that there was difference between formula feeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the incidence of ARI in infants aged 0-6 months at the Lameuru public health center. It is recommended for nursing mothers to continue breastfeeding with exclusive breast milk to their babies until the age of 6 months.

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