scholarly journals Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding on infant growth and morbidity

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
T. Khadivzadeh ◽  
S. Parsai
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Height Gain ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Infants Feeding

A cohort study was conducted in the Islamic Republic of Iran between January 1997 and February 1998 to compare the growth and morbidity of 100 infants who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and 100 who received breast milk and complementary foods between 4-6 months. Infants’ feeding pattern, weight and height were assessed and recorded. There were no significant differences in infants’ weight and height gain between 4 and 6 months. The rate of diarrhoea between ages 4 and 6 months was significantly lower in exclusively breastfed infants than in complementary food-fed infants [11% versus 27%] and respiratory infections were also lower [23% versus 35%]. We conclude that exclusive breastfeeding is superior at least until an infant is 6 months of age

scholarly journals Breastfeeding exclusively and iron deficiency anemia during the first 6 months of age

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa F.S.V. Marques ◽  
José A.A.C. Taddei ◽  
Fábio A. Lopez ◽  
Josefina A.P. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Objective The objective was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among exclusively breastfed infants from one to six months of life and to identify associated risk factors. Methods This is a cohort study of the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels of 102 healthy full-term infants, weighing more than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds) at birth, evaluated for growth development and supported to promote exclusive breastfeeding. Hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured in the first, fourth, and sixth months of life. The hemoglobin and ferritin levels of the mothers were also measured in the first month postpartum. Results At four months, 5.7% presented iron deficiency and 3.4% had iron deficiency anemia. At six months, the percentage of children with iron deficiency increased more than four times, reaching 26.1%, while iron deficiency anemia was present in 23.9% of the infants studied. Iron deficiency at six months of age was significantly correlated to growth velocity. Conclusion According to the results of this study, exclusive breastfeeding protects infants from iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia for the first four months of life. After this age, in accordance with the literature, the findings of this study demonstrated an increase in anemia and iron deficiency rates, adding to evidence that supports the monitoring of iron levels in exclusively breastfed children presenting higher weight gains beginning at four months of age.

scholarly journals Energy contribution from non-breastmilk items in low-income Guatemalan infantsin their sixth month of life

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Vossenaar ◽  
Jeniece Alvey ◽  
Ilse Van Beusekom ◽  
Colleen M Doak ◽  
Noel W Solomons
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Early Infant

Objective. To examine the nature and energy contribution of complementary feeding in breastfed infants in their sixth month of life, and the prevalence of the use of bottles as a delivery method. Materials and methods. We recruited 156 breastfeeding infants at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. A previous-day recall was performed. Results. Sixty nine mothers (44%) reported offering items other than breastmilk. The median contribution ofenergy from complementary foods among infants with mixed feeding (n=66) was 197 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR] 49-353). The median energy contribution of formula or cow’s milk among consumers (n=39) was 212 kcal/day (IQR 84-394).Bottles were used on the previous day by 55 (80%) of the 69 mothers not offering exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions. Premature introduction of non-breastmilk items is commonly practiced in feeding Guatemalan infants. Adherence to the internationally recognized guidelines for early infant feeding should be an intervention priority for this population.

scholarly journals Studi Komparatif Pemberian Susu Formula dan ASI Ekslusif Terhadap Kejadian ISPA Bayi Umur 0-6 Bulan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Narmawan Narmawan ◽  
Yuni Widya Pangestika ◽  
Tahiruddin Tahiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Public Health Center

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a disease that can cause death in infants in developing countries including Indonesia. Exclusive breastfeeding and formula milk and environment are factors that influence the incidence of ARI. This study aims for determine differences in infants aged 0-6 months in Lameuru public health center. The study uses a comparative descriptive method with a retrospective study approach. Until in this study were all infants aged 0-6 months. The total sample of 116 babies. The data used are secondary data take from medical records using observation sheets. Data analysis using chi square test. The results of this study showed that babies who were given formula milk experienced more ARI namely 30,2% while babies who did not experience ARI were given 34,5% exclusive breast milk. There is a difference between formula feeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the incidence of ARI p= 0,003 (p<0,005). It was concluded that there was difference between formula feeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the incidence of ARI in infants aged 0-6 months at the Lameuru public health center. It is recommended for nursing mothers to continue breastfeeding with exclusive breast milk to their babies until the age of 6 months.

scholarly journals Differences in the Incidence of Diarrhoea in Children Aged 6-24 Months Who Receive Exclusive and Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
Christine Handayani Tampubolon ◽  
Ronny . ◽  
Florentina Rahabeat
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Age Range

Diarrhoea is still a problem for public health in developing countries, especially in Indonesia. The incidence of diarrhoea primarily affects infants in the 6-24 months age group because the infants start to obtain non-milk supplementary food in this age group, consequently increasing the risk of getting infected due to the consumption of germ-contaminated food. Breast milk contains required antibodies, and breastfed infants tend to have a more stable immune system than formula-fed infants. Most infant formulas are made from cow's milk or soybean. Formula feeding is indicated for those unable to obtain breast milk, and infant formula is often used as supplementary milk for mothers who cannot provide adequate breast milk. This study is aimed to determine the differences in the incidence of diarrhoea between 6-24 months old infants with exclusive breastfeeding versus infants with non-exclusive breastfeeding in the same age range. The researcher is analytical research with a case-control design, involving 60 infants as the research sample. Data were analyzed by using SPSS with a Chi-square test. The research results show differences in the incidence of diarrhoea between 6-24 months old infants with exclusive breastfeeding versus infants with non-exclusive breastfeeding in the same age range. Key words: Diarrhea, 6-24 months age, Exclusive breast milk, Non-exclusive breast milk.

scholarly journals Reasons for the Early Introduction of Complementary Feeding to HIV-Exposed Infants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: An Exploratory Qualitative Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Exclusive breastfeeding has many health benefits for the baby and the mother. This study explored the reasons for the early introduction of supplementary feeding before six months, and the issues faced by parturient women in practicing exclusive breast feeding (EBF) for their HIV-exposed infants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Narratives from 319 parturient women with HIV (aged 18 years and above) were collected at three hospitals in the Eastern Cape through semi-structured interviews over a period of five months. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The maternal perception of HIV transmission from breast milk influenced the decision for the immediate introduction of formula feeding. Breast sores, lumps, surgery and perceived insufficiency of milk influenced the decision of mothers to initiate formula feeding within the first two months. However, mothers who initiated complementary feeding after two months were driven by factors common among newborns (refusal of breast milk, baby crying inconsolably and fear of losing weight) and social factors (economic or financial hardships and work-related challenges). Additionally, advice from family members weighed heavily in the decision to switch to complementary feeding, contrary to the healthcare providers’ recommendations. Early complementary feeding for HIV-exposed infants is influenced by maternal perceptions of breast milk transmission, breast and infant factors and socio-economic and cultural practices in the region. Thus, behavioural interventions tailored towards promoting exclusive breastfeeding practices in this population, starting from the pre-natal and continuing during the post-partum period, should also target the immediate family members. National policy should focus on creating an EBF-friendly environment at the workplace for women.

scholarly journals Breast milk Vitamin B12 Concentration and Incidence of Diarrhea and Respiratory Infections among Infants in Urban Tanzania: a prospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Ndano Lweno ◽  
Christopher R Sudfeld ◽  
Ellen Hertzmark ◽  
Karim P Manji ◽  
Anne Marie Darling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Childhood Infections ◽  
Vitamin B12 Supplementation

Abstract Objective: A recent trial of vitamin B12 supplementation among Indian children 6-30 months found no effect on the incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infections. These results differ with studies in adults that showed improvement of the immune response following treatment with vitamin B12. We sought to determine how the adequacy of vitamin B12 concentrations in breast milk could act as immune modulator and protect against the incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infections of children up to 18 months in urban Tanzania. Results: A prospective cohort study was undertaken to determine the association of breast milk vitamin B12 concentration with the incidence of acute respiratory infection and diarrhea among infants in urban Tanzania. A random sample of 491 women enrolled in a trial of multivitamins provided milk for B12 analysis at or around 6 weeks postpartum. Of 491 women, 345 had breast milk vitamin B12 inadequacy (<310 pmol/L). Using generalized estimating equations, we found no overall association of milk vitamin B12 concentration with incident diarrhea and acute respiratory infections in infants. Studies measuring longitudinal changes of breast milk B12 concentration over time are needed to clarify the role of breast milk vitamin B12 in childhood infections.

scholarly journals Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months in China: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Shi ◽  
Yumei Yang ◽  
Xiaohan Yin ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Jin Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate

Abstract Background Breast milk is the best source of essential nutrients and bioactive components for infants under 6 months. However, little is known about what affects breastfeeding intentions and practices of Chinese mothers. With measures of individual, setting, and sociocultural factors, this study examined determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of infancy in China. Methods Data were obtained from a national cross-sectional survey in China in 2018 that included 5237 infants under 6 months with available measurements of breastfeeding. A 24-h reported food recall method was applied to assess breastfeeding and complementary food intake in the past 24 h. Potential breastfeeding determinants categorized into six aspects were measured: (1) infant health, (2) maternal sociodemographic characteristics, (3) maternal health, (4) breastfeeding support from family, friends, and workplace, (5) social support for breastfeeding, and (6) maternal breastfeeding experiences and knowledge. Reasons for non-commencement or early cessation of breastfeeding were evaluated for non-breastfed infants. For breastfed infants, multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding. Results About 30 % (29.5%) of infants under 6 months were exclusively breastfed; 2.3% (2.3%) had never been breastfed and 3.2% had ceased breastfeeding. No breast milk (60.7%), maternal illness (13.9%), and infant illness (13.1%) were the top three reasons for non-commencement of breastfeeding. Insufficient breast milk was the reason given for ceasing breastfeeding early by almost two thirds of caregivers who had stopped breastfeeding. The following factors were associated with exclusive breastfeeding: maternal higher education, formal employment with ≥6 months of paid maternity leave, support of the husband and best friends for breastfeeding, a breastfeeding-supportive society, and better breastfeeding knowledge and experiences (a previous successful breastfeeding experience ≥6 months and early initiation of breastfeeding). Maternal age of ≥40 years, caesarean delivery, and infant disease history were associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions The exclusive breastfeeding rate is still very low in China. Multidimensional barriers contribute to this situation. A comprehensive intervention framework is needed to increase optimal breastfeeding and achieve substantial public health gains.

scholarly journals Pengaruh ASI Eksklusif dan Susu Formula terhadap Berat Badan Bayi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Khusus) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Husnul Muthoharoh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Observational Design

The first and main nutrient intake of breastfed infants is urgently needed for the process of growth and development. The purpose of this is to find out the influence of exclusive breast milk and formula on the baby's weight in Posyandu Jatipayak Village Modo-Lamongan. This study uses an observational design of case-control analytic approach that aims to distinguish weight infants at age 1-6 months of exclusive breastfeeding and infant formula. The research instrument was used in the form of interviews and observations with a population of all infants aged 1 – 6 months who qualify for inclusion criteria who were 30 toddlers and using a simple random sampling technique. Results of research that babies who are breastfed exclusively have the majority of normal weight increase of 60%, whereas infants who received formula milk most have an abnormal weight gain of 86.67%. Based on the results of Chi-Square X² = 5.167> 3.841. This study rejects the Ho that proves that there are differences in body weight in infants aged 1-6 months of exclusive breastfeeding and infant formula. The result of this research is expected mothers to provide breast milk as the best food for babies up to age 6 months.

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