scholarly journals Hybrid Forward Osmosis–Nanofiltration for Wastewater Reuse: System Design

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Giagnorio ◽  
Francesco Ricceri ◽  
Marco Tagliabue ◽  
Luciano Zaninetta ◽  
Alberto Tiraferri
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Draw Solution

The design of a hybrid forward osmosis–nanofiltration (FO–NF) system for the extraction of high-quality water from wastewater is presented here. Simulations were performed based on experimental results obtained in a previous study using real wastewater as the feed solution. A sensitivity analysis, conducted to evaluate the influence of different process parameters, showed that an optimum configuration can be designed with (i) an influent draw solution osmotic pressure equal to 15 bar and (ii) a ratio of influent draw solution to feed solution flow rate equal to 1.5:1. With this configuration, the simulations suggested that the overall FO–NF system can achieve up to 85% water recovery using Na2SO4 or MgCl2 as the draw solute. The modular configuration and the size of the NF stage, accommodating approximately 7000 m2 of active membrane area, was a function of the properties of the membranes selected to separate the draw solutes and water, while detailed simulations indicated that the size of the FO unit might be reduced by adopting a counter-current configuration. Experimental tests with samples of the relevant wastewater showed that Cl−- and Mg2+-based draw solutes would be associated with larger membrane fouling, possibly due to their interaction with the other substances present in the feed solution. However, the results suggest that fouling would not significantly decrease the performance of the designed system. This study contributes to the further evaluation and potential implementation of FO in water reuse systems.

scholarly journals Process water recovery via forward osmosis: membrane and integrated process development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Martin ◽  
G. Kolliopoulos ◽  
V. G. Papangelakis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Draw Solution

Abstract This work reports on efforts to develop an integrated continuous forward osmosis system for the recovery of water from wastewater streams, highlighting critical process parameters to minimize energy consumption. Forward osmosis experiments were performed using NaCl draw solutions of various concentrations and the intrinsic membrane parameters (water permeability, draw solution permeability, and structural parameter) were then determined via nonlinear regression using MATLAB. The experimental data was then used to validate a theoretical water flux model, which was subsequently applied to simulate the forward osmosis performance under different hydrodynamic conditions using both NaCl and TMA-CO2-H2O (TMA: trimethylamine) draw solutions. Analysis of the energy efficiency of the TMA-CO2 draw solution regeneration stage revealed that the draw solution flow rate has a significant impact on energy consumption. Also, increasing the feed flow rate was found to slightly enhance the water flux up to 2.5%, while having a negligible impact on the downstream regeneration process energy consumption.

scholarly journals Comparative Study for Organic and Inorganic Draw Solutions in Forward Osmosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Ahmed Faiq Al-Alalawy ◽  
Talib Rashid Abbas ◽  
Hadeer Kadhim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Reverse Salt Flux

The present work aims to study forward osmosis process using different kinds of draw solutions and membranes. Three types of draw solutions (sodium chloride, sodium formate, and sodium acetate) were used in forward osmosis process to evaluate their effectiveness with respect to water flux and reverse salt flux. Experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale forward osmosis (FO) unit in cross flow flat sheet membrane cell.  Three types of membranes (Thin film composite (TFC), Cellulose acetate (CA), and Cellulose triacetate (CTA)) were used to determine the water flux under osmotic pressure as a driving force. The effect of temperature, draw solution concentration, feed and draw solution flow rate, and membrane types, were studied with respect to water flux. The results showed an increase in water flux with increasing feed temperature and draw solution concentrations In addition, the flux increased with increasing feed flow rate while the flux was inversely proportional with the draw solution flow rate. The results showed that reverse osmosis membranes (TFC and CA) are not suitable for using in FO process due to the relatively obtained low water flux when compared with the flux obtained by forward osmosis membrane (CTA). NaCl draw solution gave higher water flux than other draw solutions and at the same time, revealed higher reverse salt flux.

scholarly journals Investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as potential draw solutions for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bassiouny ◽  
Peter Nasr ◽  
Hani Sewilam
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Abstract This research project aims at investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as draw solutions for desalination using the fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process. Six different lettuce and leafy greens hydroponic nutrient stock solutions were prepared according to the literature and used in this study and tested on a bench-scale forward osmosis unit as draw solutions for the process. The feed solution for the process was De-Ionized water mixed with NaCl in different concentrations, to represent different salinities of brackish groundwater. The draw efficiency of each solution was measured based on water flux, specific reverse solute flux, water recovery, and salt rejection. It was concluded that of the six tested nutrient solutions, the “Resh Florida, California” solution is the recommended solution to be used as draw solution for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis, due to its high performance in terms of water recovery (15.75%), flux (11 l/m2/h), salt rejection (92%) and SRSF (highest recorded SRSF for a specific ion (SO4 2−) was 7.3 g/l), as well as its low cost, relative to the other highly performing draw solution “Chekli” ($1.07/l vs. $3.73/l).

scholarly journals Exploring Submerged Forward Osmosis for Water Recovery and Pre-Concentration of Wastewater before Anaerobic Digestion: A Pilot Scale Study

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ferrari ◽  
Maite Pijuan ◽  
Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda ◽  
Gaetan Blandin
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Submerged Plate

Applying forward osmosis directly on raw municipal wastewater is of high interest for the simultaneous production of a high quality permeate for water reuse and pre-concentrating wastewater for anaerobic digestion. This pilot scale study investigates, for the first time, the feasibility of concentrating real raw municipal wastewater using a submerged plate and frame forward osmosis module (0.34 m2) to reach 70% water recovery. Membrane performance, fouling behavior, and effective concentration of wastewater compounds were examined. Two different draw solutions (NaCl and MgCl2), operating either with constant draw concentration or in batch with draw dilution over time, were evaluated. Impact of gas sparging on fouling and external concentration polarization was also assessed. Water fluxes up to 15 L m−2 h−1 were obtained with clean water and 35 g NaCl/L as feed and draw solution, respectively. When using real wastewater, submerged forward osmosis proved to be resilient to clogging, demonstrating its suitability for application on municipal or other complex wastewater; operating with 11.7 g NaCl/L constant draw solution, water and reverse salt fluxes up to 5.1 ± 1.0 L m−2 h−1 and 4.8 ± 2.6 g m−2 h−1 were observed, respectively. Positively, total and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration factors of 2.47 ± 0.15 and 1.86 ± 0.08, respectively, were achieved, making wastewater more suitable for anaerobic treatment.

Application of forward osmosis membrane technology for oil sands process-affected water desalination

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1809-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxin Jiang ◽  
Jiaming Liang ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Cellulose Triacetate ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Draw Solution

The extraction process used to obtain bitumen from the oil sands produces large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). As a newly emerging desalination technology, forward osmosis (FO) has shown great promise in saving electrical power requirements, increasing water recovery, and minimizing brine discharge. With the support of this funding, a FO system was constructed using a cellulose triacetate FO membrane to test the feasibility of OSPW desalination and contaminant removal. The FO systems were optimized using different types and concentrations of draw solution. The FO system using 4M NH4HCO3 as a draw solution achieved 85% water recovery from OSPW, and 80 to100% contaminant rejection for most metals and ions. A water backwash cleaning method was applied to clean the fouled membrane, and the cleaned membrane achieved 77% water recovery, a performance comparable to that of new FO membranes. This suggests that the membrane fouling was reversible. The FO system developed in this project provides a novel and energy efficient strategy to remediate the tailings waters generated by oil sands bitumen extraction and processing.

Performance Analysis for Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Experimentation With High Pressure Difference and Varying Flow Rate, Considering Exposed Membrane Area

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T. D. Tran ◽  
Keunhan Park ◽  
Amanda D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Pressure Retarded Osmosis ◽  
Draw Solution

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a process for renewable energy conversion that makes use of a salinity gradient between two bodies of water. A semipermeable membrane separates two solutions: the draw solution, with higher salinity, and the feed solution, with lower salinity. In this study, three system design choices for bench-scale PRO systems were investigated: mesh spacer opening area, hydraulic pressure difference, and relative flow rates. Mesh spacers provide mechanical support to the membrane, but can reduce the water flux. Moreover, the water flux behavior at high hydraulic pressure difference is shown to be nonlinear, departing from the theoretically predicted water flux, which is based on a linear model. The ratio of feed solution flow rate to draw solution flow rate also determines PRO performance. Experimental data from a bench-scale system is used to present design-relevant information for optimizing PRO systems toward higher power densities.

scholarly journals Structural investigation and application of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assemblies as osmotic agent for water desalination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasamin Bide ◽  
Marzieh Arab Fashapoyeh ◽  
Soheila Shokrollahzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Osmotic Agent

AbstractForward osmosis (FO) process has been extensively considered as a potential technology that could minimize the problems of traditional water desalination processes. Finding an appropriate osmotic agent is an important concern in the FO process. For the first time, a nonionic surfactant-based draw solution was introduced using self-assemblies of Tween 80 and choline chloride. The addition of choline chloride to Tween 80 led to micelles formation with an average diameter of 11.03 nm. The 1H NMR spectra exhibited that all groups of Tween 80 were interacted with choline chloride by hydrogen bond and Van der Waals’ force. The influence of adding choline chloride to Tween 80 and the micellization on its osmotic activity was investigated. Despite the less activity of single components, the average water flux of 14.29 L m‒2 h‒1 was obtained using 0.15 M of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assembly as draw solution in the FO process with DI water feed solution. Moreover, various concentrations of NaCl aqueous solutions were examined as feed solution. This report proposed a possible preparation of nonionic surfactant-based draw solutions using choline chloride additive with enhanced osmotic activities that can establish an innovative field of study in water desalination by the FO process.

scholarly journals Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane at High Temperature for Water Recovery and Regeneration from Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid-Based Draw Solution for Efficient Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Eiji Kamio ◽  
Hiroki Kurisu ◽  
Tomoki Takahashi ◽  
Atsushi Matsuoka ◽  
Tomohisa Yoshioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Draw Solution

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane process is expected to realize energy-saving seawater desalination. To this end, energy-saving water recovery from a draw solution (DS) and effective DS regeneration are essential. Recently, thermo-responsive DSs have been developed to realize energy-saving water recovery and DS regeneration. We previously reported that high-temperature reverse osmosis (RO) treatment was effective in recovering water from a thermo-responsive ionic liquid (IL)-based DS. In this study, to confirm the advantages of the high-temperature RO operation, thermo-sensitive IL-based DS was treated by an RO membrane at temperatures higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the DS. Tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenznenesulfonate ([N4444][TMBS]) with an LCST of 58 °C was used as the DS. The high-temperature RO treatment was conducted at 60 °C above the LCST using the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS-lean phase after phase separation. Because the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS has a significantly temperature-dependent osmotic pressure, the DS-lean phase can be concentrated to an osmotic pressure higher than that of seawater at room temperature (20 °C). In addition, water can be effectively recovered from the DS-lean phase until the DS concentration increased to 40 wt%, and the final DS concentration reached 70 wt%. From the results, the advantages of RO treatment of the thermo-responsive DS at temperatures higher than the LCST were confirmed.

scholarly journals Application of forward osmosis in reusing the brackish concentrate produced in reverse osmosis plants with secondary treated wastewater as feed solution: a case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Wang ◽  
M. Esparra ◽  
H. Liu ◽  
Y. F. Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Pump Energy ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Flux ◽  
Flux Decline

This study evaluated the feasibility of forward osmosis (FO) in diluting and reusing the concentrate produced in a reverse osmosis (RO) plant in James City County, VA. Secondary treated wastewater (STW) was used as the feed solution. Findings indicated that pH had slight effects on the water flux of the FO membrane. As the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the concentrate was diluted from 12.5 to 1.0 g/L or the temperature in the STW decreased from 23 to 10 °C, the membrane flux decreased from 2.2 to 0.59 and 0.81 L/(m2 h), respectively. The FO membrane showed a good performance in the rejection of organic pollutants, with only a small part of the protein-like substances and disinfection byproducts permeating to the diluted concentrate. During an 89-hour continuous operation, water flux decline due to membrane fouling was not observed. Controlling the TDS in the second-stage FO effluent at 1.5 g/L, approximately 8.3% of the pump energy input could be saved. The consumption of groundwater was reduced from 22.7 × 103 to 10.6 × 103 m3/d. FO was proved to be an effective method in both diluting the discharged concentrate and reducing the energy consumption of RO.

scholarly journals Biofouling Mitigation Approaches during Water Recovery from Fermented Broth via Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Stavros Kalafatakis ◽  
Agata Zarebska ◽  
Lene Lange ◽  
Claus Hélix-Nielsen ◽  
Ioannis V. Skiadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Cross Flow Velocity

Forward Osmosis (FO) is a promising technology that can offer sustainable solutions in the biorefinery wastewater and desalination fields, via low energy water recovery. However, microbial biomass and organic matter accumulation on membrane surfaces can hinder the water recovery and potentially lead to total membrane blockage. Biofouling development is a rather complex process and can be affected by several factors such as nutrient availability, chemical composition of the solutions, and hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, operational parameters like cross-flow velocity and pH of the filtration solution have been proposed as effective biofouling mitigation strategies. Nevertheless, most of the studies have been conducted with the use of rather simple solutions. As a result, biofouling mitigation practices based on such studies might not be as effective when applying complex industrial mixtures. In the present study, the effect of cross-flow velocity, pH, and cell concentration of the feed solution was investigated, with the use of complex solutions during FO separation. Specifically, fermentation effluent and crude glycerol were used as a feed and draw solution, respectively, with the purpose of recirculating water by using FO alone. The effect of the abovementioned parameters on (i) ATP accumulation, (ii) organic foulant deposition, (iii) total water recovery, (iv) reverse glycerol flux, and (v) process butanol rejection has been studied. The main findings of the present study suggest that significant reduction of biofouling can be achieved as a combined effect of high-cross flow velocity and low feed solution pH. Furthermore, cell removal from the feed solution prior filtration may further assist the reduction of membrane blockage. These results may shed light on the challenging, but promising field of FO process dealing with complex industrial solutions.

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