scholarly journals Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Ali A. Badawy ◽  
Modhi O. Alotaibi ◽  
Amer M. Abdelaziz ◽  
Mahmoud S. Osman ◽  
Ahmed M. A. Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Seawater Irrigation ◽  
Harmful Effects

Symbiotic plant-fungi interaction is a promising approach to alleviate salt stress in plants. Moreover, endophytic fungi are well known to promote the growth of various crop plants. Herein, seven fungal endophytes were screened for salt tolerance; the results revealed that Aspergillus ochraceus showed a great potentiality in terms of salt tolerance, up to 200 g L−1. The indole acetic acid (IAA) production antioxidant capacity and antifungal activity of A. ochraceus were evaluated, in vitro, under two levels of seawater stress, 15 and 30% (v/v; seawater/distilled water). The results illustrated that A. ochraceus could produce about 146 and 176 µg mL−1 IAA in 15 and 30% seawater, respectively. The yield of IAA by A. ochraceus at 30% seawater was significantly higher at all tryptophan concentrations, as compared with that at 15% seawater. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of A. ochraceus (1000 µg mL−1) at 15 and 30% seawater was 95.83 ± 1.25 and 98.33 ± 0.57%, respectively. Crude extracts of A. ochraceus obtained at 15 and 30% seawater exhibited significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, compared to distilled water. The irrigation of barley plants with seawater (15 and 30%) caused notable declines in most morphological indices, pigments, sugars, proteins, and yield characteristics, while increasing the contents of proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, the application of A. ochraceus mitigated the harmful effects of seawater on the growth and physiology of barley plants. Therefore, this study suggests that the endophytic fungus A. ochraceus MT089958 could be applied as a strategy for mitigating the stress imposed by seawater irrigation in barley plants and, therefore, improving crop growth and productivity.

scholarly journals ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF PANCHAWALKALA KWATHA AND PANCHAWALKALA SHATADAUTA GHRITA

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Wadimuna Mudiyanselage Dharmasenage Ruvinika Wirajani Wadimuna ◽  
Gunarathnage Upul Anuruddha Kumara ◽  
W. L. A. Rajini Saroja Pushpakumari
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Antifungal Action ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Panchawalkala is one of the ideal herbal combinations in Ayurveda and it has therapeutic properties such as Vranaropana, Shothahara, Graahi and Visarpahara. And also researchers have been proven anthelmintic, antimicrobial, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of these plants in combination and individual too. Ghrita (Ghee) is one of the oil preparation made by cow’s milk and it has Balavardhaka, Ojovardhaka, Vayasthapaka, Dhatuposhaka properties and is supreme in Snehana Dravyas. Panchawalkala is widely used in Kwatha and Powder form. Shatadauta Ghrita is the most famous form of the Ghee. The advantages of different innovative preparations are; increased shelf life, ready to use, better acceptability and ease of application. This study was planned to evaluate in-vitro antifungal activity of traditional Panchawalkala Kwatha and innovative Panchawalkala Shatadauta Ghrita (the Ghrita, hundreds times purified by Panchawalkala Kwatha). It was assessed by adopting agar diffusion method. Each agar plate was divided into four equal parts and was cultivated the Candida albicans. Replicator device was used to inoculate multiple specimens on to two parts of three series of plates with respective drugs. Further, responses of organism to the trial drugs were measured and compared with standard drug of Fluconazole (+ve control) and distilled water (-ve control) by using other two parts of the agar plates. All the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. According to the findings, Panchawalkala Shatadauta Ghrita has an antifungal effect than Panchawalkala Kwatha. Fluconazole is the best antifungal drug among these and distilled water does not have any antifungal action. Hence, it can be concluded that, Panchawalkala Shatadauta Ghrita has antifungal activity rather than Panchawalkala Kwatha but not effective than Fluconazole.    

scholarly journals Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishni Fernando ◽  
Priyanka Reddy ◽  
Inoka K. Hettiarachchige ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
Simone J. Rochfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
The Novel ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Invertebrate Pests

Asexual Epichloë spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, Ceratobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., and Fusarium sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against Ceratobasidium sp. and NEA12 showed moderate inhibition against all three pathogens. Crude extracts from liquid cultures of NEA12 and NEA23 also inhibited growth of the phytopathogens Ceratobasidium sp. and Fusarium sp. and provided evidence that the compounds of interest are stable, constitutively expressed, and secreted. Comparative analysis of the in vitro and in planta metabolome of NEA12 and NEA23 using LCMS profile data revealed individual metabolites unique to each strain that are present in vitro and in planta. These compounds are the best candidates for the differential bioactivity observed for each strain. Novel endophyte strains show promise for endophyte-mediated control of phytopathogens impacting Lolium spp. pasture production and animal welfare.

scholarly journals Fungal Endophytes Control Fusarium graminearum and Reduce Trichothecenes and Zearalenone in Maize

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Abdallah ◽  
Marthe De Boevre ◽  
Sofie Landschoot ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Geert Haesaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Detoxification Mechanisms ◽  
Comparative Trials

Fusarium graminearum can cause Giberella Ear Rot (GER) and seedling blight in maize, resulting in major yield losses. Besides GER, the infected grains are consequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins of F. graminearum. Zearalenone and trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol and its acetylated forms, are among the major mycotoxins associated with F. graminearum infection in maize. In the current work, we explored the effect of the endophytic fungal genera of Epicoccum and Sordaria, to control F. graminearum infection in comparative trials with Piriformospora spp., an elusive endophytic genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of these endophytes on zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol levels using in vitro and in planta assays. As plants are endowed with several detoxification mechanisms comprising e.g., glucosylation of trichothecenes, the effect of the isolated fungal endophytes on the deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside level was also assessed. In general, results showed a considerable variability in the antifungal activity, both among species and among isolates within one species. Additionally, the effect on mycotoxin levels was variable, and not necessarily related to the antifungal activity except for zearalenone levels which were consistently reduced by the endophytes. These results highlight the great potential of certain endophytic fungal strains as new biocontrol agents in agricultural science.

scholarly journals Mortality and movement behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under different dosages of copper sulphate

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.Q. Tan ◽  
H.Y. Wu ◽  
S.X. Jiang ◽  
H. Bing
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
In Vitro Exposure ◽  
Harmful Effects

The effects of in vitro exposure to different concentrations of copper sulphate for different durations on the mortality and locomotor behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were evaluated. Copper sulphate showed strong effects against the nematode B. xylophilus at a low concentration (5 mg/l). The median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h were 31.634, 7.353, 6.557, and 5.568 mg/l, respectively. Mortality rate of B. xylophilus after treatment with various concentrations of copper sulphate for 6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly different compared with control animals exposed to distilled water (P &lt; 0.01). Locomotor activity of the nematodes decreased with increased duration of exposure and was completely lost after 8 h of exposure to 100 mg/l copper sulphate. Our results indicate that copper sulphate is effective against B. xylophilus and restricts their harmful effects on plants at least in part by inhibiting their movement.&nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Fungal endophytes from salt-adapted plants confer salt tolerance and promote growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at early seedling stage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjunatha Nanjundappa ◽  
Nayana Manjunatha ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam ◽  
Michael G K Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Global Population

AbstractWith increasing human global population, increased yield under saline conditions is a desirable trait for major food crops. Use of endophytes, isolated from halophytic hosts, seems to be an exciting approach for conferring salt tolerance to a salt sensitive crop. Therefore, in the current study, fungal endophytes were isolated from halophytic plants’ roots and their ability to withstand in vitro salt stress was evaluated. They could withstand upto 1M NaCl concentrations and this tolerance was independent of their host or tissue source. When inoculated on salt sensitive wheat seeds/seedlings several of the endophytes showed a positive impact on germination and biomass related parameters upon salt stress, both in vitro and under glasshouse conditions. One of the isolate from dicot plants (identified as Microsphaeropsis arundinis) could successfully colonize wheat and promote its growth under salt and no salt conditions. Amongst the fungal isolates that are known to be natural endophytes of wheat, Chaetomium globosum was the best performing isolate which has been reported as an effective biocontrol agent earlier. Based on the results of our preliminary study, we suggest that these fungal endophytes could prove beneficial for salt stress tolerance enhancement of wheat crop.

scholarly journals Avaliação de soluções antifúngicas de guanidina para resina base de dentadura: um estudo in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Gama ◽  
Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune ◽  
Isadora Martini Garcia ◽  
Stéfani Becker Rodrigues ◽  
Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Polyhexamethylene Guanidine

Background: The purposes of this study were: (1) to formulate polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) solutions at different concentrations; (2) to evaluate their antifungal activity against a mature biofilm of Candida albicans on acrylic resins; (3) to evaluate possible effects on acrylic resins flexural strength and surface roughness. Methods: PHMGH solutions were formulated with distilled water and 0.125, 0.250, or 0.5 wt.% of PHMGH. One group without PHMGH was used as control. For antifungal activity analysis, acrylic resin specimens were contaminated with C. albicans. Specimens were immersed in PHMGH solutions or distilled water for 5 or 10 min. Ultimate flexural strength and surface roughness of acrylic resins were evaluated. Results: All PHMGH solutions at 5 or 10 min showed antifungal activity compared to the control group (p

SEM Evaluation of Fluoride Pretreatment Effects on Acid-Etching of Caries-Like Enamel Lesions In Vitro

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
M. John Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Adhesive Resin ◽  
Fluoride Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pretreatment Effects ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Acid-etching of enamel surfaces has been performed routinely to bond adhesive resin materials to sound dental enamel as a caries-preventive measure. The effect of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of enamel has been reported to produce inconsistent and unsatisfactory etching patterns. The failure to obtain an adequate etch has been postulated to be due to fluoride precipitation products deposited on the enamel surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of carieslike lesions of human dental enamel.Caries-like lesions of enamel were created in vitro on human molar and premolar teeth. The teeth were divided into two fluoride treatment groups. The specimens were exposed for 4 minutes to either a 2% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) solution or a 10% Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) solution. The specimens were then washed in deionized-distilled water. Each tooth was sectioned into four test regions. This was carried out to compare the effects of various time exposures (0 to 2 minutes) and differing concentrations (10 to 60% w/w) of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) on etching of caries-like lesions. Standard preparation techniques for SEM were performed on the specimens.

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