scholarly journals Mortality and movement behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under different dosages of copper sulphate

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.Q. Tan ◽  
H.Y. Wu ◽  
S.X. Jiang ◽  
H. Bing
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
In Vitro Exposure ◽  
Harmful Effects

The effects of in vitro exposure to different concentrations of copper sulphate for different durations on the mortality and locomotor behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were evaluated. Copper sulphate showed strong effects against the nematode B. xylophilus at a low concentration (5 mg/l). The median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h were 31.634, 7.353, 6.557, and 5.568 mg/l, respectively. Mortality rate of B. xylophilus after treatment with various concentrations of copper sulphate for 6, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly different compared with control animals exposed to distilled water (P &lt; 0.01). Locomotor activity of the nematodes decreased with increased duration of exposure and was completely lost after 8 h of exposure to 100 mg/l copper sulphate. Our results indicate that copper sulphate is effective against B. xylophilus and restricts their harmful effects on plants at least in part by inhibiting their movement.&nbsp; &nbsp;

A Facile and Modified Scheme for Synchronization and Isolation of Nematode Eggs

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar Rajasekharan ◽  
Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane ◽  
Jintae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Nematode Eggs

Nematodes are common pests that damage agricultural crop plants. Some of them are beneficial while others are parasitic and harmful to plants, animals and humans. Several in vitro studies have aimed to develop chemicals to kill parasitic nematodes, while others have been conducted to use beneficial nematodes as biocontrol agents. However, the preparation of large quantities of nematode eggs in a laboratory setting is challenging. Traditional egg isolation protocols involve the use of sieves to filter eggs or the use of chemicals that can be harmful to nematodes while isolating the eggs. Our method utilizes 1.5 × 1.5 cm sized chunks of bacterial or fungal feed to lure nematodes. A subsequent gentle washing of the consumed chunk with distilled water provides a rapid and straightforward method of collecting eggs in 6-well polystyrene plates and removing unwanted nematodes. Approximately 4000 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus eggs from a fungal chunk and 2400 Caenorhabditis elegans eggs from a bacterial chunk were obtained when tested. This study shows a protocol for the isolation of eggs and synchronization of nematode stages that is relatively straightforward, rapid, eco-friendly, and efficient. The protocol also provides a chemical-free and a reliable, simple means of separating eggs from adults and induces the synchronization of nematodes based on the simple concept that gravid nematodes can be provoked to lay eggs by providing additional feed.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Ali A. Badawy ◽  
Modhi O. Alotaibi ◽  
Amer M. Abdelaziz ◽  
Mahmoud S. Osman ◽  
Ahmed M. A. Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Seawater Irrigation ◽  
Harmful Effects

Symbiotic plant-fungi interaction is a promising approach to alleviate salt stress in plants. Moreover, endophytic fungi are well known to promote the growth of various crop plants. Herein, seven fungal endophytes were screened for salt tolerance; the results revealed that Aspergillus ochraceus showed a great potentiality in terms of salt tolerance, up to 200 g L−1. The indole acetic acid (IAA) production antioxidant capacity and antifungal activity of A. ochraceus were evaluated, in vitro, under two levels of seawater stress, 15 and 30% (v/v; seawater/distilled water). The results illustrated that A. ochraceus could produce about 146 and 176 µg mL−1 IAA in 15 and 30% seawater, respectively. The yield of IAA by A. ochraceus at 30% seawater was significantly higher at all tryptophan concentrations, as compared with that at 15% seawater. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of A. ochraceus (1000 µg mL−1) at 15 and 30% seawater was 95.83 ± 1.25 and 98.33 ± 0.57%, respectively. Crude extracts of A. ochraceus obtained at 15 and 30% seawater exhibited significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, compared to distilled water. The irrigation of barley plants with seawater (15 and 30%) caused notable declines in most morphological indices, pigments, sugars, proteins, and yield characteristics, while increasing the contents of proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, the application of A. ochraceus mitigated the harmful effects of seawater on the growth and physiology of barley plants. Therefore, this study suggests that the endophytic fungus A. ochraceus MT089958 could be applied as a strategy for mitigating the stress imposed by seawater irrigation in barley plants and, therefore, improving crop growth and productivity.

SEM Evaluation of Fluoride Pretreatment Effects on Acid-Etching of Caries-Like Enamel Lesions In Vitro

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
M. John Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Adhesive Resin ◽  
Fluoride Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pretreatment Effects ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Acid-etching of enamel surfaces has been performed routinely to bond adhesive resin materials to sound dental enamel as a caries-preventive measure. The effect of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of enamel has been reported to produce inconsistent and unsatisfactory etching patterns. The failure to obtain an adequate etch has been postulated to be due to fluoride precipitation products deposited on the enamel surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of carieslike lesions of human dental enamel.Caries-like lesions of enamel were created in vitro on human molar and premolar teeth. The teeth were divided into two fluoride treatment groups. The specimens were exposed for 4 minutes to either a 2% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) solution or a 10% Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) solution. The specimens were then washed in deionized-distilled water. Each tooth was sectioned into four test regions. This was carried out to compare the effects of various time exposures (0 to 2 minutes) and differing concentrations (10 to 60% w/w) of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) on etching of caries-like lesions. Standard preparation techniques for SEM were performed on the specimens.

Seed-borne fungi of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides in Botswana.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5016 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Khare* ◽  
Loeto D. ◽  
Wale K. ◽  
Salani M.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Petri Plate

Seeds of three cowpea cultivars namely Black eye, ER 7 and Tswana obtained from the Department of Agriculture Research, Gaborone were tested for the presence of seed-borne fungi, and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides. Four hundred fifty seeds of each cultivar of cowpea were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and washed three times with sterile distilled water before placing them in PDA plates (5 seeds/9 cm Petri plate), incubated at 22±2o C for 12 hour each under continuous light and dark. A total of eight fungi were detected from seeds of cowpea. These were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium equisiti, F. oxyaporum, Penicillium chyrosogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus and R. stolonifer. Rhizopus spp. were dominant fungi recovered from seeds, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon. The fungi detected resulted in decay and rotting of seeds, and thereby reducing percentage germination of seeds (22%, 37% and 63 % seed germination in Black eye, ER7 and Tswana varieties of cowpea respectively). Out of four fungicides tested, benlate, captan, dithane M 45 and chlorothalanil. Dithane M45 effectively controlled seed-borne fungi, and enhanced seed germination to an average of 86% (93% germination with no fungi detected in Tswana variety) as compared to chlorothalonile (79%), benlate and captan (77%) and un-treated seeds (45%). The fungal incidence was reduced to 2.3%, 4.3%, 5.3% and 5.3% when seeds were treated with dithane M-45, chlorothalonil, benlate and captan respectively as compared to 62% in non-treated seeds.

Alterations in the non-neuronal cholinergic system induced by in-vitro exposure to diazoxon in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
G.A. Toledo-Ibarra ◽  
M.I. Girón-Pérez ◽  
C.E. Covantes-Rosales ◽  
G.H. Ventura-Ramón ◽  
G. Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
In Vitro Exposure

scholarly journals Stamina-Enhancing Effects of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110354
Author(s):  
Eun-Jung Yoon ◽  
Hye Rim Seong ◽  
Jangbeen Kyung ◽  
Dajeong Kim ◽  
Sangryong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Triglycerides

Stamina-enhancing effects of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were investigated in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Ten-day-old male rats were transplanted intravenously (IV) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with hADSCs (1 × 106 cells/rat), and physical activity was measured by locomotor activity and rota-rod performance at post-natal day (PND) 14, 20, 30, and 40, as well as a forced swimming test at PND 41. hADSCs injection increased the moving time in locomotor activity, the latency in rota-rod performance, and the maximum swimming time. For the improvement of physical activity, ICV transplantation was superior to IV injection. In biochemical analyses, ICV transplantation of hADSCs markedly reduced serum creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, and muscular lipid peroxidation, the markers for muscular and hepatic injuries, despite the reduction in muscular glycogen and serum triglycerides as energy sources. Notably, hADSCs secreted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor in vitro, and increased the level of BDNF in the brain and muscles in vivo. The results indicate that hADSCs enhance physical activity including stamina not only by attenuating tissue injury, but also by strengthening the muscles via production of BDNF.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Cerumenolytic Activities of New and Currently Used Agents

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132098606
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quynh Anh ◽  
Pawin Numthavaj ◽  
Thongchai Bhongmakapat
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
All Solutions

Objectives: This study compared the cerumen dissolution activities of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, 5% potassium hydroxide, 10% lactic acid, 3% salicylic acid, 10% glycolic acid, and distilled water. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted with 36 cerumen samples. The cerumenolytic activities of the 6 agents were assessed by recording the degree of cerumen disintegration using digital photography at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 12 hours. The undissolved cerumen that remained after 12 hours was removed from the solutions and weighed after drying. Results: Potassium hydroxide showed the fastest cerumenolytic activity, dissolving a moderate amount of cerumen at 30 minutes, while glycolic acid and salicylic acid caused no visible changes in the cerumen samples. Samples treated with potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate exhibited higher degrees of disintegration compared to samples treated with distilled water (odds ratio and 95% CI: 273.237 [0.203-367 470.4] and 1.129 [0.002-850.341], respectively). The greatest reduction in cerumen weight was associated with the use of sodium bicarbonate; however, this result did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Among the solutions tested, 5% potassium hydroxide showed the fastest dissolution activity, yielding moderate disintegration within only 30 minutes. In terms of residual cerumen weight within 12 hours, all solutions exhibited equivalent effectiveness in the disintegration of cerumen.

scholarly journals Phytotoxicity and Other Adverse Effects on the In Vitro Shoot Cultures Caused by Virus Elimination Treatments: Reasons and Solutions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Katalin Magyar-Tábori ◽  
Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki ◽  
Alexandra Hanász ◽  
László Zsombik ◽  
Judit Dobránszki
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Further Development ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Cultures ◽  
Harmful Effects

In general, in vitro virus elimination is based on the culture of isolated meristem, and in addition thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy can also be applied. During these processes, plantlets suffer several stresses, which can result in low rate of survival, inhibited growth, incomplete development, or abnormal morphology. Even though the in vitro cultures survive the treatment, further development can be inhibited; thus, regeneration capacity of treated in vitro shoots or explants play also an important role in successful virus elimination. Sensitivity of genotypes to treatments is very different, and the rate of destruction largely depends on the physiological condition of plants as well. Exposure time of treatments affects the rate of damage in almost every therapy. Other factors such as temperature, illumination (thermotherapy), type and concentration of applied chemicals (chemo- and cryotherapy), and electric current intensity (electrotherapy) also may have a great impact on the rate of damage. However, there are several ways to decrease the harmful effect of treatments. This review summarizes the harmful effects of virus elimination treatments applied on tissue cultures reported in the literature. The aim of this review is to expound the solutions that can be used to mitigate phytotoxic and other adverse effects in practice.

scholarly journals Zearalenone alters the excitability of rat neuronal networks after acute in vitro exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Bódi ◽  
Vivien Csikós ◽  
Tímea Májer ◽  
Attila Tóth ◽  
Árpád Dobolyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
In Vitro Exposure
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