scholarly journals A Targeted Serum Metabolomics GC–MS Approach Identifies Predictive Blood Biomarkers for Retained Placenta in Holstein Dairy Cows

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Guanshi Zhang ◽  
Dawid Tobolski ◽  
Grzegorz Zwierzchowski ◽  
Rupasri Mandal ◽  
David S. Wishart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Retained Placenta ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Serum Metabolomics ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The retained placenta is a common pathology of dairy cows. It is associated with a significant drop in the dry matter intake, milk yield, and increased susceptibility of dairy cows to metritis, mastitis, and displaced abomasum. The objective of this study was to identify metabolic alterations that precede and are associated with the disease occurrence. Blood samples were collected from 100 dairy cows at −8 and −4 weeks prior to parturition and on the day of retained placenta, and only 16 healthy cows and 6 cows affected by retained placenta were selected to measure serum polar metabolites by a targeted gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) metabolomics approach. A total of 27 metabolites were identified and quantified in the serum. There were 10, 18, and 17 metabolites identified as being significantly altered during the three time periods studied. However, only nine metabolites were identified as being shared among the three time periods including five amino acids (Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, and Tyr), one sugar (myo-inositol), phosphoric acid, and urea. The identified metabolites can be used as predictive biomarkers for the risk of retained placenta in dairy cows and might help explain the metabolic processes that occur prior to the incidence of the disease and throw light on the pathomechanisms of the disease.

scholarly journals Changes in Dairy Cow Behavior with and without Assistance at Calving

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Bethan Cavendish ◽  
John McDonagh ◽  
Georgios Tzimiropoulos ◽  
Kimberley R. Slinger ◽  
Zoë J. Huggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Time Periods

The aim of this study was to characterize calving behavior of dairy cows and to compare the duration and frequency of behaviors for assisted and unassisted dairy cows at calving. Behavioral data from nine hours prior to calving were collected for 35 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Cows were continuously monitored under 24 h video surveillance. The behaviors of standing, lying, walking, shuffle, eating, drinking and contractions were recorded for each cow until birth. A generalized linear mixed model was used to assess differences in the duration and frequency of behaviors prior to calving for assisted and unassisted cows. The nine hours prior to calving was assessed in three-hour time periods. The study found that the cows spent a large proportion of their time either lying (0.49) or standing (0.35), with a higher frequency of standing (0.36) and shuffle (0.26) bouts than other behaviors during the study. There were no differences in behavior between assisted and unassisted cows. During the three-hours prior to calving, the duration and bouts of lying, including contractions, were higher than during other time periods. While changes in behavior failed to identify an association with calving assistance, the monitoring of behavioral patterns could be used as an alert to the progress of parturition.

A simulation study of the effects of the calving interval on milk yields of dairy cows in fixed time periods

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Genizi ◽  
H. Schindler ◽  
S. Amir ◽  
S. Eger ◽  
M. Zarchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Calving Intervals ◽  
Linear Decline

AbstractMultiparous cows were assigned before calving to three calving to first insemination intervals. Records of cows conceiving at first or second insemination, were used to construct a model of the lactation curve which incorporated peak production and the effect of progressing pregnancy. The model was used to simulate milk yield during a 4-year period for three production levels and five calving intervals. The model separated the descending part of the lactation curve into a linearly and an exponentially declining component, with the latter becoming distinct at about 20 weeks after conception. Peak yield was negatively correlated with the slope of the linear decline. Within a simulated 4-year period, cumulative milk yields at fixed time periods after calving depended upon the period chosen and the calving-to-conception interval of the cow. Late conceptions resulted in higher cumulative yields at the end of the 1st year, and in lower yields at the 2nd year end, with respect to early conceptions. Smaller differences were found between the intermediate calving intervals. During the 3rd and 4th years the early conceptions had a distinct advantage. Different rates of the linear decline, obtained for the different production levels, changed the magnitude of the yield differences between the calving intervals but not their relative ranking. The model presented offers a means for the suitable choice of the calving cycle according to the length of the period for which a cow is expected to remain in the herd.

A 2-Year compapison of in-parlour and out-of-parlour concentrate feeding on the production and health of dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
R. J. Treacher ◽  
W. Little ◽  
I. M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Dairy cows mobilise fat during early lactation to meet the energy deficit produced by increasing milk yield and reduced appetite. This can result in the deposition of fat in liver, kidney, muscle and other tissues. This “fatty liver syndrome” is associated with reduced fertility and an increased susceptibility to metabolic and infectious disease. Attempts to prevent the development of fatty liver are aimed at reducing fat mobilisation by: 1) calving cows in lean condition, thus increasing appetite and 2) by encouraging high feed intakes immediately after calving by the provision of feed of high energy density on a little and often basis. A useful system in this context might be out-of-parlour concentrate dispensers

T lymphocyte proliferative capacity and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in primiparous and pluriparous lactating cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Mehrzad ◽  
Xin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Proliferation Capacity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

T cells play a central role in specific immunity; their populations and phenotypes could be affected by number of lactation in high-yielding dairy cows. To investigate the effects of parity on the dynamics of T lymphocytes, lymphoproliferative capacity, T lymphocyte subsets and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were studied in peripheral blood of primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during mid–late lactation. A non-radioactive technique was also adapted for a detailed lymphoproliferation assay. Compared with the primiparous cows, the pluriparous cows exhibited weaker lymphoproliferative activity, larger number of CD4+ cells and substantially greater CD4+/CD8+ ratio in their blood circulation. The increase of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the blood of pluriparous dairy cows was mainly due to the rise in the proportion of CD4+ cells and decline in the proportion of CD8+ cells. This increase of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio coincided with the decrease of mitogen-induced proliferation capacity of T lymphocytes. Of four lymphocyte divisions or generations during the lymphoproliferation assay, maximal lymphocyte proliferation capacity at generation 3 in primiparous cows was markedly greater than in pluriparous cows. With an alternatively safer, faster and more reproducible assay (compared with 3H-thymidine scintillation assay) we showed for the first time that aging in dairy cows leads to a decreased mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation and disturbed proportion between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This CD4+-CD8+ imbalance together with diminished lymphoproliferative capacity may lead to a weaker T cytotoxic-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in pluriparous lactating cows. Our study also emphasizes further application of the methods in farm animals.

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