scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry Imaging Disclosed Spatial Distribution of Defense-Related Metabolites in Triticum spp.

Metabolites ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Laura Righetti ◽  
Sven Gottwald ◽  
Sara Tortorella ◽  
Bernhard Spengler ◽  
Dhaka Ram Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Triticum Spp ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Amides ◽  
Thermo Fisher Scientific ◽  
Q Exactive ◽  
Specific Tissue

Fusarium Head Blight is the most common fungal disease that strongly affects Triticum spp., reducing crop yield and leading to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Several studies have investigated the plant metabolic response to counteract mycotoxins accumulation. However, information on the precise location where the defense mechanism is taking place is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the specific tissue distribution of defense metabolites in two Triticum species and use this information to postulate on the metabolites’ functional role, unlocking the “location-to-function” paradigm. To address this challenge, transversal cross-sections were obtained from the middle of the grains. They were analyzed using an atmospheric-pressure (AP) SMALDI MSI source (AP-SMALDI5 AF, TransMIT GmbH, Giessen, Germany) coupled to a Q Exactive HF (Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Bremen, Germany) orbital trapping mass spectrometer. Our result revealed the capability of (AP)-SMALDI MSI instrumentation to finely investigate the spatial distribution of wheat defense metabolites, such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides, oxylipins, linoleic and α-linoleic acids, galactolipids, and glycerolipids.

scholarly journals Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Männer ◽  
Talat Mesud Yelbuz
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Embryonic Heart ◽  
Endocardial Cushions ◽  
Valveless Pumping ◽  
Matrix Layer ◽  
Heart Looping ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Vertebrate Embryos ◽  
Heart Wall

The early embryonic heart is a multi-layered tube consisting of (1) an outer myocardial tube; (2) an inner endocardial tube; and (3) an extracellular matrix layer interposed between myocardium and endocardium, called “cardiac jelly” (CJ). During the past decades, research on CJ has mainly focused on its molecular and cell biological aspects. This review focuses on the morphological and biomechanical aspects of CJ. Special attention is given to (1) the spatial distribution and fiber architecture of CJ; (2) the morphological dynamics of CJ during the cardiac cycle; and (3) the removal/remodeling of CJ during advanced heart looping stages, which leads to the formation of ventricular trabeculations and endocardial cushions. CJ acts as a hydraulic skeleton displaying striking structural and functional similarities with the mesoglea of jellyfish. CJ not only represents a filler substance, facilitating end-systolic occlusion of the embryonic heart lumen. Its elastic components antagonize the systolic deformations of the heart wall and thereby power the refilling phase of the ventricular tube. Non-uniform spatial distribution of CJ generates non-circular cross sections of the opened endocardial tube (initially elliptic, later deltoid), which seem to be advantageous for valveless pumping. Endocardial cushions arise from non-removed remnants of the original CJ.

AUTOMATIC CONTOURING USING BICUBIC FUNCTIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hessing ◽  
Henry K. Lee ◽  
Alan Pierce ◽  
Eldon N. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Volume Calculations ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Automatic Contouring

A method is described for using a digital computer to construct contour maps automatically. Contour lines produced by this method have correct relations to given discrete data points regardless of the spatial distribution of these points. The computer‐generated maps are comparable to those drawn manually. The region to be contoured is divided into quadrilaterals whose vertices include the data points. After supplying values at each of the remaining vertices by using a surface‐fitting technique, bicubic functions are constructed on each quadrilateral to form a smooth surface through the data points. Points on a contour line are obtained from these surfaces by solving the resulting cubic equations. The bicubic functions may be used for other calculations consistent with the contour maps, such as interpolation of equally spaced values, calculation of cross‐sections, and volume calculations.

Nanoparticles in Lustre Reconstructions

2004 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fredrickx ◽  
J. Verbeeck ◽  
D. Schryvers ◽  
D. Hélary ◽  
E. Darque-Ceretti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ag Nanoparticles ◽  
Cu Nanoparticles ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTIt is increasingly apparent that the spatial distribution of Ag and Cu nanoparticles in lustre glazes is an important factor in determining the colour displayed by the decoration. Using STEM-EDX of cross sections, this distribution can easily be imaged, as is demonstrated in two modern reconstructions of lustre decorations from Granada, Spain. On the nanoscale, the difference in colour can be related to a different spatial distribution of the Ag and Cu particles, with the brownish gold variant consisting of a top layer of Ag nanoparticles with an underlying layer of Cu nanoparticles while in the yellowish golden lustre Cu specks are unevenly dispersed.

scholarly journals The Response of Selected Triticum spp. Genotypes with Different Ploidy Levels to Head Blight Caused by Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Smith) Sacc.

Toxins ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Wiwart ◽  
Elżbieta Suchowilska ◽  
Wolfang Kandler ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Urszula Wachowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Triticum Spp

Microelement mobile forms in southern taiga landscapes of the Central Forest State Biosphere Nature Reserve (Russia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Enchilik ◽  
Elena Aseeva ◽  
Ivan Semenkov ◽  
Olga Samonova ◽  
Anastasia Iovcheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Plant Soil

<p>We investigated the vertical and spatial distribution of chemical elements (ChEs) in four cross-sections within a catena formed in typical southern taiga on Retiosols , underlying loess  loams and carbonate moraine deposits. Catena located in the Tver' region (Russia). In plants (70 samples, 19 species) and soils (31 samples), the total content of the ChEs was determined by mass spectrometry. In soil samples, we measured pH, grain size and levels of ChE mobile fractions (exchangeable (F1), bound to organic complexes (F2) and bound to Fe and Mn hydroxides (F3).</p><p>In the A-horizons the average total concentration of Fe is 1,2%, Ti – 0,33%; Mn – 482 mg‧kg-1, Zr–292, Sr–90, Zn–39, Cr–21, Pb–21, Ni–9, Cu–8. The concentration of metal F1 diminishes in order: Fe>Mn>Sr>Zn, Pb>Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Zr. The concentrations of F2 and F3 show the following order: Fe>Mn>>Ti, Zr, Pb>Co>Ni, Cu, Zn>Cr, Sr and Fe>Mn>Ti>Zn, Sr, Pb>Cr>Cu, Ni, Co>Zr, respectively.</p><p>In all studied Retisols, vertical distribution of the total Pb and Zr, F1 of Co, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, F2 of Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, F3 of Pb accumulate in topsoil. For the total Co, Fe, Ni, Sr and Zn, F1 of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn and Zr, F2 of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Zr and F3 of Co, Cr, Cu, Ti, Zn, Zr the loss from the albic horizons and/or the accumulation in the argic horizons were registered.</p><p>Spatial distribution of the total concentration of ChEs increases in the A-horizon in the upper part of the catena slope position. In the A-horizons at footslope and toeslope positions, the concentration of F1 Ni, Cu, Sr and Zr, F2 Ni, Cu and Zn increases, and the concentration F2 of Co, Cr, Pb, Ti and Zn, F2 of Cr, Ti and Co, F3 of Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Zr decreases.</p><p>Ratios calculated on the basis of the total and mobile element content were applied to evaluate biogenic migration of ChEs with different biophilicity in the "plant-soil" system. According to soil-to-plant transfer ratios, Mn, Zn and Cd are actively involved in biological accumulation. Participation in biological accumulation of Mn and Zn was noted in many works (Avessalomova, 2007; Isachenkova, Tarzayeva, 2006, Kadata-Pendias, Szteke, 2015)</p><p>Mn and Zn have important physiological significance in plants; they actively migrate in plant tissues. Cd is not a necessary ChEs for plants but is easily absorbed by the root system and leaves (Kabata-Pendias, 2011). Cationic elements (Cd and Zn) have high mobility in the soils (Jen-How Huang, 2011). Our results indicate that in the reference forest communities, tree species play the major role in the uptake and turnover of biophilic microelements (Mn, Zn, Co) while sphagnum moss and grassy covers mostly absorb the elements with low biophilicity (Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, Pb). Metabolic pathways carry out the absorption of Fe and Cr (Kabata-Pendias, 2011).</p>

Spatial distribution of Fusarium Head Blight pathogens and associated mycotoxins in wheat fields

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement 6) ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Schlang ◽  
Ulrike Steiner ◽  
Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne ◽  
Jiro Murakami ◽  
Etienne Duveiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Head Blight

scholarly journals New data on the stratigraphy of the Paleogene in Solnik area, Eastern Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Boris Valchev ◽  
Hristo Dimitrov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Seismic Profiles

Based on lithostratigraphic reinterpretation of five borehole sections and lithostratigraphic interpretation of two seismic profiles, new data on the Dvoynitsa Formation’s lithology, subdivision and spatial distribution were obtained. The Armera and Gebesh Members were recognized in the area of the villages of Solnik and Bardarevo, as their spatial relationships and distribution are visualized by drawing up of four geological cross-sections.

scholarly journals Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Level on the Metabolic Response of Resistant and Susceptible Wheat to Fusarium graminearum Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf ◽  
Martha M. Vaughan ◽  
Karl Vermillion ◽  
Anu Surendra ◽  
Jennifer Teresi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and associated climate changes are thought to have contributed to the steady increase of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat. However, our understanding of precisely how elevated CO2 influences the defense response of wheat against Fusarium graminearum remains limited. In this study, we evaluated the metabolic profiles of susceptible (Norm) and moderately resistant (Alsen) spring wheat in response to whole-head inoculation with two deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing F. graminearum isolates (DON+), isolates 9F1 and Gz3639, and a DON-deficient (DON−) isolate (Gzt40) at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2 concentrations. The effects of elevated CO2 were dependent on both the Fusarium strain and the wheat variety, but metabolic differences in the host can explain the observed changes in F. graminearum biomass and DON accumulation. The complexity of abiotic and biotic stress interactions makes it difficult to determine if the observed metabolic changes in wheat are a result of CO2-induced changes in the host, the pathogen, or a combination of both. However, the effects of elevated CO2 were not dependent on DON production. Finally, we identified several metabolic biomarkers for wheat that can reliably predict FHB resistance or susceptibility, even as atmospheric CO2 levels rise.

THE RATIO OF THE CAPTURE CROSS-SECTIONS OF LITHIUM AND BORON FOR THERMAL NEUTRONS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25a (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Fenning ◽  
H. Seligman ◽  
G. A. R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Boron Trifluoride ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Thermal Neutrons ◽  
Capture Cross ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Capture Cross Sections

A small boron trifluoride chamber is used to obtain the spatial distribution and density integrals of thermal neutrons produced by a source in aqueous solutions of compounds of lithium and boron. The effects of the finite size of the boron chamber are minimized by adjusting the concentrations of the solutions so that the mean life of thermal neutrons is the same in both. The scattering mean free paths are also almost identical. The final result is[Formula: see text]Taking σB = 705 × 10−24 cm.2 per atom, σLi = (66.8 ± 1.0) × 10−24 cm.2 per atom.

Mapping the Structure of a Hydrated Polymer Blend Using Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Cryo-STEM

2004 ◽  
Vol 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alioscka Sousa ◽  
Abdelaziz Aitouchen ◽  
Matthew Libera
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Polymer Blend ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Incident Beam Energy ◽  
Scattering Cross Sections

ABSTRACTWe use electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the cryo-STEM to determine the spatial distribution of water in a model frozen-hydrated two-phase polymer blend composed of hydrophilic poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and hydrophobic poly(styrene) (PS). We demonstrate that it is possible to directly correlate the water spatial distribution with variations in the underlying polymer morphology. HAADF-STEM imaging of both dry and frozen-hydrated specimens shows weak contrast between the polymer phases but gives no information regarding the composition of these phases and no indication of where water might be localized. Spatially-resolved EELS spectra collected at 100 nm pixel size show that this system is composed of discrete PVP-rich domains dispersed in a continuous PS-rich matrix. The PVP-rich domains were found to be hydrated up to a level of ∼ 23 wt%. We have made our compositional maps fully quantitative, given as mass-fraction maps, by measuring the total inelastic scattering cross-sections per unit mass of water, PVP and PS. This is an important quantity which we have determined for an incident beam energy of 200 keV. Hydrated PVP gives rise to hydrogen evolution when irradiated above an electron dose of 1500 e/nm2 as evidenced from changes in the 13 eV region, and this effect gives rise to dose-limited resolution in these experiments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document