scholarly journals Research of a Novel 3D Printed Strain Gauge Type Force Sensor

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjie Liu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yiwei Shao ◽  
Chuanqi Liu ◽  
Yulong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Conductive Ink ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Sensor Fabrication ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Linearity Error ◽  
The Relationship

A 3D printed force sensor with a composite structure developed by combining digital light processing (DLP) based printing and inkjet printing technologies is described in this paper. The sensor has cost effectiveness and time-saving advantages compared to the traditional sensor manufacturing process. During this work, the substrate of the force sensor was printed by a DLP based 3D printer using a transparent high-temperature resin, and the strain gauge of the force sensor was inkjet printed using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) conductive ink. Finite element (FE) simulation was conducted to find the print origin of the strain gauge. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the post-cured resin and the curing time was investigated and the resistance of the printed strain gauges was characterized to optimize process parameters. Afterward, the force sensor was characterized. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor is 2.92% N−1 and the linearity error is 3.1485% full scale (FS) within the range from 0 mN–160 mN, and the effective gauge factor of the strain gauge is about 0.98. The resistance drifting is less than 0.004 kΩ within an hour. These figures prove that the device can perform as a force sensor and 3D printing technology may have great applied potential in sensor fabrication.

scholarly journals Estimation of Blood Pressure in the Radial Artery Using Strain-Based Pulse Wave and Photoplethysmography Sensors

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jen Wang ◽  
Chia-Hsien Chen ◽  
Chung-Yang Sue ◽  
Wen-Hsien Lu ◽  
Yee-Hsuan Chiou
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Radial Artery ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Pressing Force ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vascular Status

Blood pressure (BP) is a crucial indicator of cardiac health and vascular status. This study explores the relationship between radial artery BP and wrist skin strain. A BP estimation method based on the physical model of wrist skin tissues and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is proposed. A photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and strain gauge are used in this method. The developed strain-based pulse wave sensor consists of a pressing force sensor, which ensures consistent pressing force, and a strain gauge, which measures the cardiac pulsation on the wrist skin. These features enable long-term BP monitoring without incurring the limb compression caused by a cuff. Thus, this method is useful for individuals requiring continuous BP monitoring. In this study, the BP of each participant was measured in three modes (before, during, and after exercise), and the data were compared using a clinically validated sphygmomanometer. The percentage errors of diastolic and systolic BP readings were, respectively, 4.74% and 4.49% before exercise, 6.38% and 6.10% during exercise, and 5.98% and 4.81% after a rest. The errors were compared with a clinically validated sphygmomanometer.

3D Printed Force Sensor with Inkjet Printed Piezoresistive Based Strain Gauge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjie Liu ◽  
Yulong Zhao ◽  
Yiwei Shao ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Chuanqi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
3D Printed

scholarly journals Evaporation of Ti/Cr/Ti Multilayer on Flexible Polyimide and Its Application for Strain Sensor

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Yu-Jen Hsiao ◽  
Ru-Li Lin ◽  
Hwi-Ming Wang ◽  
Cheng-Zhe Cai
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Hysteresis Phenomenon ◽  
Polyimide Substrate ◽  
Metal Strain ◽  
Multilayer Strain ◽  
The Relationship

A flexible Ti/Cr/Ti multilayer strain gauge have been successfully developed based on polyimide substrate. The pure Ti metal strain gauge have shown the hysteresis phenomenon at the relationship between resistance and strain during tensile test. The experimental results of multilayer strain gauge show that adding Cr interlayer can improve the recovery and stability of the sensing electrode. When the interlayer Cr thickness was increased from 0 to 70 nm, the resistance decreased from 27 to 8.8 kΩ. The gauge factor (GF) value also decreased from 4.24 to 2.31 with the increase in the thickness of Cr interlayer from 30 to 70 nm, and the hysteresis phenomenon disappeared gradually. The multilayer Ti/Cr/Ti film has feasible application for strain sensor.

scholarly journals A 3D-Printed Soft Fingertip Sensor for Providing Information about Normal and Shear Components of Interaction Forces

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4271
Author(s):  
Gerjan Wolterink ◽  
Remco Sanders ◽  
Bert-Jan van Beijnum ◽  
Peter Veltink ◽  
Gijs Krijnen
Keyword(s):  
Strain Range ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Interaction Forces ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Force Components ◽  
Sensor Geometry

Sensing of the interaction forces at fingertips is of great value in assessment and rehabilitation therapy. Current force sensors are not compliant to the fingertip tissue and result in loss of touch sensation of the user. This work shows the development and characterization of a flexible fully-3D-printed piezoresistive shear and normal force sensor that uses the mechanical deformation of the finger tissue. Two prototypes of the sensing structure are evaluated using a finite element model and a measurement setup that applies normal and shear forces up to 10 N on a fingertip phantom placed inside the sensing structure, which is fixed to prevent slippage. Furthermore, the relation between strain (rate) and resistance of the conductive TPU, used for the strain gauges, is characterized. The applied normal and shear force components of the 3D-printed sensing structure can be partly separated. FEM analysis showed that the output of the sensor is largely related to the sensor geometry and location of the strain gauges. Furthermore, the conductive TPU that was used has a negative gauge factor for the strain range used in this study and might cause non-linear behaviors in the sensor output.

An experimental and theoretical study of the abrasion performance of digital light processing parts

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440542098133
Author(s):  
Mehdi Kazemi ◽  
Abdolreza Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
One Step ◽  
Pin On Disk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Influential Parameters ◽  
Disk Method ◽  
Normal Angle

Generally, interactions at surface asperities are the cause of wear. Two-Thirds of wear in industry occurs because of the abrasive or adhesive mechanisms. This research presents an analytical model for abrasion of additive manufactured Digital Light Processing products using pin-on-disk method. Particularly, the relationship between abrasion volume, normal load, and surface asperities’ angle is investigated. To verify the proposed mathematical model, the results of this model are verified with the practical experiments. Results show that the most influential parameters on abrasion rate are normal load and surface’s normal angle. Abrasion value increases linearly with increasing normal load. The maximum abrasion value occurs when the surface’s normal angle during fabrication is 45°. After the asperities are worn the abrasion volume is the same for all specimens with different surface’s normal angle. Though layer thickness does not directly affect the wear rate, but surface roughness tests show that layer thickness has a great impact on the quality of the abraded surface. When the thickness of the layers is high, the abraded surface has deeper valleys, and thus has a more negative skewness. This paper presents an original approach in abrasion behavior improvement of DLP parts which no research has been done on it so far; thus, bringing the AM one step closer to maturity.

scholarly journals Development of a Wearable Mouth Guard Device for Monitoring Teeth Clenching during Exercise

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1503
Author(s):  
Rio Kinjo ◽  
Takahiro Wada ◽  
Hiroshi Churei ◽  
Takehiro Ohmi ◽  
Kairi Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Sensor ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Sensor Output ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Teeth Grinding ◽  
Exercise Tolerance Test ◽  
Sensor Position ◽  
Video Motion Analysis ◽  
Teeth Clenching ◽  
The Relationship

Teeth clenching during exercise is important for sports performance and health. Recently, several mouth guard (MG)-type wearable devices for exercise were studied because they do not disrupt the exercise. In this study, we developed a wearable MG device with force sensors on both sides of the maxillary first molars to monitor teeth clenching. The force sensor output increased linearly up to 70 N. In four simple occlusion tests, the trends exhibited by the outputs of the MG sensor were consistent with those of an electromyogram (EMG), and the MG device featured sufficient temporal resolution to measure the timing of teeth clenching. When the jaw moved, the MG sensor outputs depended on the sensor position. The MG sensor output from the teeth-grinding test agreed with the video-motion analysis results. It was comparatively difficult to use the EMG because it contained a significant noise level. Finally, the usefulness of the MG sensor was confirmed through an exercise tolerance test. This study indicated that the developed wearable MG device is useful for monitoring clenching timing and duration, and the degree of clenching during exercise, which can contribute to explaining the relationship between teeth clenching and sports performance.

scholarly journals Can We Use Grip Strength to Predict Other Types of Hand Exertions? An Example of Manufacturing Industry Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Victor Ei-Wen Lo ◽  
Yi-Chen Chiu ◽  
Hsin-Hung Tu
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Demographic Variable ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship

Background: There are different types of hand motions in people’s daily lives and working environments. However, testing duration increases as the types of hand motions increase to build a normative database. Long testing duration decreases the motivation of study participants. The purpose of this study is to propose models to predict pinch and press strength using grip strength. Methods: One hundred ninety-eight healthy volunteers were recruited from the manufacturing industries in Central Taiwan. The five types of hand motions were grip, lateral pinch, palmar pinch, thumb press, and ball of thumb press. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to explore the relationship between force type, gender, height, weight, age, and muscle strength. Results: The prediction models developed according to the variable of the strength of the opposite hand are good for explaining variance (76.9–93.1%). Gender is the key demographic variable in the predicting models. Grip strength is not a good predictor of palmar pinch (adjusted-R2: 0.572–0.609), nor of thumb press and ball of thumb (adjusted-R2: 0.279–0.443). Conclusions: We recommend measuring the palmar pinch and ball of thumb strength and using them to predict the other two hand motions for convenience and time saving.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing of Sensors for Military Monitoring Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
David T. Bird ◽  
Nuggehalli M. Ravindra
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Sensor Fabrication ◽  
The Us ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Maximum Protection ◽  
The Many

The US Department of Defense (DoD) realizes the many uses of additive manufacturing (AM) as it has become a common fabrication technique for an extensive range of engineering components in several industrial sectors. 3D Printed (3DP) sensor technology offers high-performance features as a way to track individual warfighters on the battlefield, offering protection from threats such as weaponized toxins, bacteria or virus, with real-time monitoring of physiological events, advanced diagnostics, and connected feedback. Maximum protection of the warfighter gives a distinct advantage over adversaries by providing an enhanced awareness of situational threats on the battle field. There is a need to further explore aspects of AM such as higher printing resolution and efficiency, with faster print times and higher performance, sensitivity and optimized fabrication to ensure that soldiers are more safe and lethal to win our nation’s wars and come home safely. A review and comparison of various 3DP techniques for sensor fabrication is presented.

scholarly journals Dimensional Accuracy of Dental Models for Three-Unit Prostheses Fabricated by Various 3D Printing Technologies

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1550
Author(s):  
Soo-Yeon Yoo ◽  
Seong-Kyun Kim ◽  
Seong-Joo Heo ◽  
Jai-Young Koak ◽  
Joung-Gyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Reference File ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Jet Printing ◽  
3D Printed

Previous studies on accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) printed model focused on full arch measurements at few points. The aim of this study was to examine the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed models which were teeth-prepped for three-unit fixed prostheses, especially at margin and proximal contact areas. The prepped dental model was scanned with a desktop scanner. Using this reference file, test models were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP), Multi-Jet printing (MJP), and stereo-lithography apparatus (SLA) techniques. We calculated the accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D-printed models on 3D planes, and deviations of each measured points at buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We also analyzed the surface roughness of resin printed models. For overall 3D analysis, MJP showed significantly higher accuracy (trueness) than DLP and SLA techniques; however, there was not any statistically significant difference on precision. For deviations on margins of molar tooth and distance to proximal contact, MJP showed significantly accurate results; however, for a premolar tooth, there was no significant difference between the groups. 3D color maps of printed models showed contraction buccolingually, and surface roughness of the models fabricated by MJP technique was observed as the lowest. The accuracy of the 3D-printed resin models by DLP, MJP, and SLA techniques showed a clinically acceptable range to use as a working model for manufacturing dental prostheses

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