scholarly journals The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cappitelli ◽  
Cristina Cattò ◽  
Federica Villa
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Biocidal Activity ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Suitable Technique

The microbial deterioration of cultural heritage includes physical and chemical damage as well as aesthetic alteration. With the technological advancement, a plethora of techniques for removing unwanted microorganisms have opened up new opportunities for microbiologists and conservators. This article reviews the most applied, up-to-date, and sustainable techniques developed for the control of cultural heritage microbial deterioration presenting noteworthy case studies. These techniques include chemical methods, i.e., traditional biocides and nanoparticles; physical methods, such as mechanical removal, UV irradiation, gamma radiation, laser cleaning, heat shocking, microwaves, and dry ice treatment; and biological methods, such as natural molecules with biocidal activity, enzymes, and microorganisms. The application of control systems requires the comprehension of their behavior toward the unwanted microorganisms and possible interactions with the heritage materials. This overview shows also the control methods drawbacks for the purpose of creating awareness in selecting the most suitable technique or combination of techniques.

Biomedical Applications and Patents on Metallic Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Singh ◽  
Pramod Kumar Sharma ◽  
Rishabha Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Aim/Objective: The author writes the manuscript by reviewing the literatures related to the biomedical application of metallic nanoparticles. The term metal nanoparticles are used to describe the nanosized metals with the dimension within the size range of 1-100 nm. Methods: The preparation of metallic nanoparticles and their application is an influential area for research. Among various physical and chemical methods (viz. chemical reduction, thermal decomposition, etc.) for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, biological methods have been suggested as possible eco-friendly alternatives. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is having many problems inclusive of solvent toxicity, the formation of hazardous byproducts and consumption of energy. So it is important to design eco-friendly benign procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Results: From the literature survey, we concluded that metallic nanoparticles have applications in the treatment of different diseases. Metallic nanoparticles are having a great advantage in the detection of cancer, diagnosis, and therapy. And it can also have properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-angiogenic. Conclusion: In this review, recent upcoming advancement of biomedical application of nanotechnology and their future challenges has been discussed.

scholarly journals METHODS OF DISINFECTION OF MANURE AND MANURE EFFLUENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
Hutoryanina ◽  
Dumbadze ◽  
Dimidova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The problem of environmental pollution has now acquired global significance. Helminth eggs in liquid manure laid in open-type sedimentation tanks in October-November, remain viable for 12 months or more, and in spring-summer manure for 4–5 months. Therefore, uninfected liquid manure in both winter and summer poses a serious threat of contamination of reservoirs, soil, groundwater, feed and pastures with dangerous pathogens for humans and animals. This circumstance makes it necessary to carry out disinfestation of manure of all categories. Based on the above, the purpose of the work was to analyze existing methods of manure disinfection and manure effluents. All methods of deworming (disinvasion) of manure and its fractions can be divided into three groups: biological, physical and chemical. It is generally recognized that biological methods for decomposing organic waste are considered environmentally acceptable and cost-effective. Some of the analyzed physical and chemical methods also have a certain effectiveness of disinfection. When using these groups of disinfectants, constant monitoring and compliance with technological parameters is necessary, as well as the norms for the consumption of disinfectants and the exposure time must be observed.

scholarly journals BIOREMEDIATION OF A CAMBIC CHERNOZEM POLLUTED WITH PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Marinescu ◽  
M. Dumitru ◽  
Anca Lacatusu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The exploitation of petroleum has generated various sources of pollution in soil. In order to resolve this problem, several techniques have been developed. Physical and chemical methods are the most widely methods used for land treatment of oil polluted soils. These methods are expensive, ineffective and could cause a lot of damages on soil. The biological methods are not expensive and do not cause changes in the soil physical and chemical characteristics. Bioremediation is based on the capacity of microorganisms to degrade organic pollutant compounds, such as hydrocarbons. This study presents the preliminary results of a bioremediation alternative for soils polluted with crude oil (petroleum hydrocarbons). The bioremediation was achieved by increasing the microbial population by adding the fibers provided from celluloid wastes and bacteria inoculum. The paper presents the effect of a bioremediation treatment applied to a cambic chernozem polluted with 50000 mg kg-1 (5% crude oil) and 100000 mg kg-1 (10% crude oil) of a complex mixture of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH).

scholarly journals Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Photosynthetic Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a field of applied biological science and nanotechnology. Synthesis of nanoparticles is done by various physical and chemical methods but the biological methods are relatively simple, cost-effective, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly methods. The present review focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles with special emphasis on the use of plants parts for the synthesis process, its applications, and future prospectus.

Plant derived silver nanoparticles and its therapeutic applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Roy
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Synthesis Of Materials

Background: Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of materials that are in nanometre sizes (1 to 100 nm). Nanotechnology has appeared as a new area of fundamental science and is getting worldwide consideration due to its extensive applications. They have exceptional physicochemical properties due to their unique size, shape and size distribution. Methods: Conventionally nanoparticles were synthesized using physical and chemical methods. These methods have various disadvantages therefore biological methods possess great interest. Biological synthesis uses bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. Results: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plants emerges as nanofactories as they offer nontoxic, clean and eco-friendly method with various physicochemical properties. Out of all the nanoparticles, silver attends special attention due to their various therapeutical and environmental applications. Conclusion: Therefore, in this review, a summary of various reports within the last ten years where plants were utilized for silver nanoparticle synthesis has been discussed. Further mechanism involves synthesis, factors affecting the process of synthesis and therapeutical applications has been discussed.

scholarly journals Bakteriyel Yollarla Metal Nanopartiküllerin Sentezi

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Fikriye Alev Akçay ◽  
Ayşe Avcı
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Nano Size

Metal particles reduced to nano size by nanotechnological methods are confronted in many different fields such as biomedical and physicochemical, pharmaceutical, electric-electronic, automotive and food industries. Nanoparticles can be produced using chemical, physical and biological methods, of which chemical processes are in common use. However, physical and chemical methods are not environmentally friendly and economical because they require the use of high temperature, high pressure and toxic chemicals. For this reason, interest in the production of metal nanoparticles by biological methods, also called green technology, an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach, has increased in recent years. With some plant extracts and intracellular and extracellular secretions of microorganisms, some reduction reactions take place and metal nanoparticles are produced. Bacteria have been actively involved in nanotechnology in recent years due to their diversity in nature, their ease of isolation, and ease of nanoparticle synthesis. In this article, production and application of metal nanoparticles by using bacterial methods have been reviewed.

Modification of Collagen for Biomedical Applications: A Review of Physical and Chemical Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 1797-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Yu ◽  
Cuie Tang ◽  
Shanbai Xiong ◽  
Qijuan Yuan ◽  
Zhipeng Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Predictive, Deadbeat, and Combined Controls

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Direct Torque Control ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Combined Control ◽  
The One

In this chapter, three control methods recently developed for or applied to electric motors in general and to permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors, in particular, are presented. The methods include model predictive control (MPC), deadbeat control (DBC), and combined vector and direct torque control (CC). The fundamental principles of the methods are explained, the machine models appropriate to the methods are derived, and the control systems are explained. The PMS motor performances under the control systems are also investigated. It is elaborated that MPC is capable of controlling the motor under an optimal performance according to a defined objective function. DBC, on the other hand, provides a very fast response in a single operating cycle. Finally, combined control produces motor dynamics faster than one under VC, with a smoother performance than the one under DTC.

scholarly journals Decreasing Oxalate Levels in Kimpul Tubers (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) by Physical and Chemical Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 667 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
I Sulaiman ◽  
C Annisa ◽  
Y M Lubis ◽  
Z F Rozali ◽  
S Noviasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Xanthosoma Sagittifolium ◽  
Physical And Chemical

scholarly journals Infection Potential of Pleospora allii and Evaluation of Methods for Reduction of the Overwintering Inoculum of Brown Spot of Pear

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1511-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidre Llorente ◽  
Albert Vilardell ◽  
Emilio Montesinos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Stemphylium Vesicarium ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Pleospora Allii ◽  
Evaluation Of Methods

The capacity for germination and pathogenicity to pear leaves of ascospores of Pleospora allii, the teleomorph of Stemphylium vesicarium, causal agent of brown spot of pear, were studied in vitro. Most ascospores germinated within 1 h at temperatures between 15 and 20°C, and the optimum temperature for germination was 18.9°C. Infections developed on wounded and non-wounded detached pear leaves, but were more frequent on wounded leaves. The minimum infective dose was one ascospore per wound. Biological, chemical, and mechanical methods for decreasing overwintering inoculum of P. allii were evaluated. Ascospores were discharged from March to May, depending on the orchard and year. Leaf shredding or removal were the most effective methods of reducing overwintering inoculum. Biological control methods based on application of Thichodermasp. formulations were partially effective. Chemical methods based on copper and urea treatments were ineffective.

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