scholarly journals DNA-Metabarcoding of Belowground Fungal Communities in Bare-Root Forest Nurseries: Focus on Different Tree Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Diana Marčiulynienė ◽  
Adas Marčiulynas ◽  
Jūratė Lynikienė ◽  
Miglė Vaičiukynė ◽  
Artūras Gedminas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Bare Root

The production of tree seedlings in forest nurseries and their use in the replanting of clear-cut forest sites is a common practice in the temperate and boreal forests of Europe. Although conifers dominate on replanted sites, in recent years, deciduous tree species have received more attention due to their often-higher resilience to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the belowground fungal communities of bare-root cultivated seedlings of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Quercus robur in order to gain a better understanding of the associated fungi and oomycetes, and their potential effects on the seedling performance in forest nurseries and after outplanting. The study sites were at the seven largest bare-root forest nurseries in Lithuania. The sampling included the roots and adjacent soil of 2–3 year old healthy-looking seedlings. Following the isolation of the DNA from the individual root and soil samples, these were amplified using ITS rRNA as a marker, and subjected to high-throughput PacBio sequencing. The results showed the presence of 161,302 high-quality sequences, representing 2003 fungal and oomycete taxa. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta (6.7% of all of the high-quality sequences), Wilcoxina mikolae (5.0%), Pustularia sp. 3993_4 (4.6%), and Fusarium oxysporum (3.5%). The most common oomycetes were Pythium ultimum var. ultimum (0.6%), Pythium heterothallicum (0.3%), Pythium spiculum (0.3%), and Pythium sylvaticum (0.2%). The coniferous tree species (P. abies and P. sylvestris) generally showed a higher richness of fungal taxa and a rather distinct fungal community composition compared to the deciduous tree species (A. glutinosa, B. pendula, and Q. robur). The results demonstrated that the seedling roots and the rhizosphere soil in forest nurseries support a high richness of fungal taxa. The seedling roots were primarily inhabited by saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, while fungal pathogens and oomycetes were less abundant, showing that the cultivation practices used in forest nurseries secured both the production of high-quality planting stock and disease control.

Two threatened coexisting indigenous conifer species in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia are associated with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1617-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Wubet ◽  
Michael Weiß ◽  
Ingrid Kottke ◽  
Franz Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Afromontane Forests ◽  
Sequence Types

The molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing roots of Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. (Podocarpaceae) in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia was investigated. The nuclear gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (nucSSU rDNA) was amplified from colonized roots of P. falcatus, cloned, and sequenced using AM fungal specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the glomeromycetous sequences from mycorrhizae of P. falcatus belong to the Glomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, and Archaeosporaceae. Overall, 16 Glomus , three Diversispora , and one Archaeospora sequence types were identified. These sequence types were distinct and only distantly related to sequences from the available defined species. The composition of the AM fungal communities differed significantly between the two study sites. Comparison of the AM fungal community composition of P. falcatus with that of previously investigated Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. (Cupressaceae), the only coexisting indigenous conifer tree species in the dry Afromontane forest ecosystem, yields that the two tree species are colonized by distinct AM fungal communities. This suggests that fungal communities are host plant specific in the natural stand conditions. Therefore, in the conservation of these endangered species and restoration of the degraded ecosystem, the use of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi should be taken into account in future projects.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Assemblages of Nursery-Grown Scots Pine are Influenced by Age of the Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Maria Rudawska ◽  
Tomasz Leski
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Ecm Fungi ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Wilcoxina Mikolae ◽  
High Level

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most widely distributed pine species in Europe and is relevant in terms of planted areas and harvest yields. Therefore, each year the demand for planting stock of Scots pine is exceedingly high, and large quantities of seedlings are produced annually throughout Europe to carry out reforestation and afforestation programs. Abundant and diverse ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is critical for the success of seedlings once planted in the field. To improve our knowledge of ECM fungi that inhabit bare-root nursery stock of Scots pine and understand factors that influence their diversity, we studied the assemblages of ECM fungi present across 23 bare-root forest nurseries in Poland. Nursery stock samples were characterized by a high level of ECM colonization (nearly 100%), and a total of 29 ECM fungal taxa were found on 1- and 2-year-old seedlings. The diversity of the ECM community depended substantially on the nursery and age of the seedlings, and species richness varied from 3–10 taxa on 1-year-old seedlings and 6–13 taxa on 2-year-old seedlings. The ECM fungal communities that developed on the studied nursery stock were characterized by the prevalence of Ascomycota over Basidiomycota members on 1-year-old seedlings. All ecological indices (diversity, dominance, and evenness) were significantly affected by age of the seedlings, most likely because dominant ECM morphotypes on 1-year-old seedlings (Wilcoxina mikolae) were replaced by other dominant ones (e.g., Suillus luteus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Thelephora terrestris, Hebeloma crustuliniforme), mostly from Basidiomycota, on 2-year-old seedlings. Across all nurseries, negative correlations were identified for diversity metrics and soil N or C, indicating that mineral and organic fertilization contributes to the differences in the ECM fungal communities in nurseries. We discuss the ecological and practical implications of the composition and diversity of ECM fungi occurring on bare-root planting stock of Scots pine.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of pedunculate and sessile oak seedlings from bare-root forest nurseries

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Leski ◽  
Marcin Pietras ◽  
Maria Rudawska
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Oak Seedlings

scholarly journals Forest tree species composition and abiotic site conditions drive soil fungal communities and functional groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likulunga Emmanuel Likulunga ◽  
Carmen Alicia Rivera P&eacuterez ◽  
Dominik Schneider ◽  
Rolf Daniel ◽  
Andrea Polle
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Tree Species Composition

Soil fungi, especially the functional guilds of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, play a central role in ecosystem processes by degrading litter, mining for mineral nutrients and linking above- and belowground nutrient fluxes. Fungal community structures are influenced by abiotic habitat filters and management decisions such as tree species selection. Yet, the implications of the enrichment of temperate forests consisting of tree species in their natural range with non-native tree species on soil fungal diversity and their functional groups are unknown. Here, we studied fungal communities in 40 plots located in two regions differing in site conditions (nutrient content and soil moisture) in forests composed of European beech, Norway spruce and Douglas-fir (non-native) and mixtures of beech with either spruce or Douglas-fir. We hypothesized that fungal community structures are driven by soil resources and tree species composition, generally resulting in higher fungal diversity in mixed than in mono-specific forests. We further hypothesized that Douglas-fir has a negative effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal species richness compared to native species, whereas saprotrophic fungal richness is unaffected. We found strong separation of fungal communities between nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor sites and taxonomic divergence between beech and conifer fungal communities and an intermediate pattern in mixed forests. Mycorrhizal species richness did not vary with forest type, but the relative abundance of mycorrhizal species was lower in Douglas-fir and in mixed beech-Douglas-fir forests than in spruce or beech-spruce mixture. Conifer forests contained higher relative abundances of saprotrophic fungi than mono-specific beech forests. Among 16 abundant fungal orders in soil, two containing saprotrophic fungi (Tremellales, Hymenochaetales) were enriched in conifer forests, regardless of site conditions and tree species mixture. The other fungal orders, including those dominated by mycorrhizal fungi (Russulales, Boletales, Atheliales, Cantharellales) showed variable patterns depending on site conditions and tree species. In conclusion, Douglas-fir mono-specific or mixed forests show no loss of fungal species richness, but a shift in functional composition towards saprotrophic fungi.

Extraction of high quality genomic DNA from Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex l.) J.F. macbr.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (08) ◽  
pp. 4750
Author(s):  
Rohan Vilas Gavankar* ◽  
Maya S. Chemburkar
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Edible Fats ◽  
Madhuca Longifolia ◽  
Molecular Aspects

Madhuca longifolia commonly known as the Mahua tree is a medium to large sized deciduous tree distributed in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It is found growing wild and cultivated. The tree is considered as a kalpavriksha by the tribal who are forest dwellers and keenly conserve this tree. The flowers and fruits are edible and the flowers are fermented to prepare mahua drink which is an integral part of their cultural heritage. The seeds are good source of edible fats and used to extract oil. Several pharmacological activities are reported using various parts of the tree. Very little information exists on the molecular aspects of Madhuca longifolia which requires high quality DNA. Optimization of DNA extraction using CTAB and SDS buffer system was standardized. A protocol for extraction of high quality DNA from tree species which are rich in polyphenols is hereby discussed.

scholarly journals The soil fungal communities in nurseries producing Abies alba

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk ◽  
Wojciech Kowalkowski ◽  
Natalia Kartawik ◽  
Mariena Baranowska ◽  
Wladyslaw Barzdajn
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Forest District

Silver fir is an important forest-forming species in the mountain and upland parts of Poland. It was determined that fir lost the possibility of spontaneous return to the forests of the region. That is why the Polish State Forests has launched a programme to restore its resources in the Sudetes. Until now, fungi and their relationship with fir have not been fully addressed in the Sudetes Restitution Programme, therefore this study was undertaken. The aim of this study was to determine the species composition of soil fungi from quarters producing silver fir seedlings. The research material was rhizosphere soil collected from 3-year-old saplings produced in forest nurseries of the Międzylesie Forest District. Fungal composition was determined by Next-Generation sequencing (Illumina NextSeq 500). The total number of OTUs obtained (638 435) included sequences of cultivated horcultured fungi (433 412 OTUs = 52.7%), non-cultivable fungi, that is which cannot be cultured (97 108 OTUs = 22.41 %) and potential fungi with no reference sequence in UNITE (73 419 OTUs = 16.93%) and non-fungal organisms (34 496 = 7.96%). The following taxa as Mortierella sp. (8.23%). Tylospora sp. (6.68%) and Russula sp. (3.76%) had the largest share in the soil fungal communities. The results of the study indicate the dominance of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in the communities of fir roots, which proves that saplings are of good quality. Small share of pathogens sequences suggests that soil-born fungal pathogens are not a major threat to fir seedlings in nurseries. Key words: mycorrhizal fungi, nursery, Abies alba, seedlings, Międzylesie Forest District.

Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toll ◽  
Federico J. Castillo ◽  
Pierre Crespi ◽  
Michele Crevecoeur ◽  
Hubert Greppin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Phase Partitioning

Temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungal communities and co-associations with grassland plant communities following experimental manipulation of rainfall

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coline Deveautour ◽  
Sally Power ◽  
Kirk Barnett ◽  
Raul Ochoa-Hueso ◽  
Suzanne Donn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Rainfall Regimes

Climate models project overall a reduction in rainfall amounts and shifts in the timing of rainfall events in mid-latitudes and sub-tropical dry regions, which threatens the productivity and diversity of grasslands. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may help plants to cope with expected changes but may also be impacted by changing rainfall, either via the direct effects of low soil moisture on survival and function or indirectly via changes in the plant community. In an Australian mesic grassland (former pasture) system, we characterised plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities every six months for nearly four years to two altered rainfall regimes: i) ambient, ii) rainfall reduced by 50% relative to ambient over the entire year and iii) total summer rainfall exclusion. Using Illumina sequencing, we assessed the response of AM fungal communities sampled from contrasting rainfall treatments and evaluated whether variation in AM fungal communities was associated with variation in plant community richness and composition. We found that rainfall reduction influenced the fungal communities, with the nature of the response depending on the type of manipulation, but that consistent results were only observed after more than two years of rainfall manipulation. We observed significant co-associations between plant and AM fungal communities on multiple dates. Predictive co-correspondence analyses indicated more support for the hypothesis that fungal community composition influenced plant community composition than vice versa. However, we found no evidence that altered rainfall regimes were leading to distinct co-associations between plants and AM fungi. Overall, our results provide evidence that grassland plant communities are intricately tied to variation in AM fungal communities. However, in this system, plant responses to climate change may not be directly related to impacts of altered rainfall regimes on AM fungal communities. Our study shows that AM fungal communities respond to changes in rainfall but that this effect was not immediate. The AM fungal community may influence the composition of the plant community. However, our results suggest that plant responses to altered rainfall regimes at our site may not be resulting via changes in the AM fungal communities.

Improvement of separate elements of the techno-logy of cultivation of white cabbage in the conditions of the of the central region of the non-chernozem zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Konstantinovich ◽  
◽  
A.S. Kuracheva ◽  
E.D. Binkevich
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Sowing Seed

In conditions of climate change, when temperature and precipitation fluctuations occur more and more frequently during the growing season, it is necessary to obtain high quality seedlings with "immunity" to various stress factors, including high weediness, the damage from which is associated with a decrease in yield (by 25 -35%) and with a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. Due to the imbalance in production technology, seedlings are often weakened, overgrown, with a low yield per unit area and survival rate in the field. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of PP for pre-sowing seed treatment to increase the competitiveness of seedlings in the field.

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