scholarly journals Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol against Candida albicans

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Mark Feldman ◽  
Ronit Vogt Sionov ◽  
Raphael Mechoulam ◽  
Doron Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Plasma Membrane Permeability ◽  
Membrane Hyperpolarization ◽  
Target Mode ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Further Development

Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor of C. albicans infections. We investigated the ability of the plant-derived cannabidiol (CBD) to inhibit the formation and removal of fungal biofilms. Further, we evaluated its mode of action. Our findings demonstrate that CBD exerts pronounced time-dependent inhibitory effects on biofilm formation as well as disruption of mature biofilm at a concentration range below minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations. CBD acts at several levels. It modifies the architecture of fungal biofilm by reducing its thickness and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production accompanied by downregulation of genes involved in EPS synthesis. It alters the fungal morphology that correlated with upregulation of yeast-associated genes and downregulation of hyphae-specific genes. Importantly, it represses the expression of C. albicans virulence-associated genes. In addition, CBD increases ROS production, reduces the intracellular ATP levels, induces mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, modifies the cell wall, and increases the plasma membrane permeability. In conclusion, we propose that CBD exerts its activity towards C. albicans biofilm through a multi-target mode of action, which differs from common antimycotic agents, and thus can be explored for further development as an alternative treatment against fungal infections.

scholarly journals Eap1p, an Adhesin That Mediates Candida albicans Biofilm Formation In Vitro and In Vivo

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Michael J. Svarovsky ◽  
Amy J. Karlsson ◽  
Joel P. Wagner ◽  
Karen Marchillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Flow Chamber ◽  
Dependent Manner

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is the leading cause of systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised humans. The ability to form biofilms on surfaces in the host or on implanted medical devices enhances C. albicans virulence, leading to antimicrobial resistance and providing a reservoir for infection. Biofilm formation is a complex multicellular process consisting of cell adhesion, cell growth, morphogenic switching between yeast form and filamentous states, and quorum sensing. Here we describe the role of the C. albicans EAP1 gene, which encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, glucan-cross-linked cell wall protein, in adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. Deleting EAP1 reduced cell adhesion to polystyrene and epithelial cells in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, EAP1 expression was required for C. albicans biofilm formation in an in vitro parallel plate flow chamber model and in an in vivo rat central venous catheter model. EAP1 expression was upregulated in biofilm-associated cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results illustrate an association between Eap1p-mediated adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of a Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizer Reveals Mechanism of Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Voit ◽  
Fabian Cieplik ◽  
Johannes Regensburger ◽  
Karl-Anton Hiller ◽  
Anita Gollmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antifungal Action ◽  
Complete Cell ◽  
Further Development

The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for the control of microbial and especially fungal infections such as mucosal mycosis. TMPyP [5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-porphyrin tetra p-toluenesulfonate] is an effective photosensitizer (PS) that is commonly used in aPDT. The aim of this study was to examine the localization of TMPyP in Candida albicans before and after irradiation with visible light to get information about the cellular mechanism of antifungal action of the photodynamic process using this PS. Immediately after incubation of C. albicans with TMPyP, fluorescence microscopy revealed an accumulation of the PS in the cell envelope. After irradiation with blue light the complete cell showed red fluorescence, which indicates, that aPDT is leading to a damage in the cell wall with following influx of PS into the cytosol. Incubation of C. albicans with Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) could confirm the cell wall as primary binding site of TMPyP. The finding that the porphyrin accumulates in the fungal cell wall and does not enter the interior of the cell before irradiation makes it unlikely that resistances can emerge upon aPDT. The results of this study may help in further development and modification of PS in order to increase efficacy against fungal infections such as those caused by C. albicans.

Zerumbone inhibits Candida albicans biofilm formation and hyphal growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Seul Shin ◽  
Yong-Bin Eom
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Zingiber Zerumbet ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Morphologic Changes

Candida albicans biofilm formation is considered an important matter because it can lead to strong resistance to conventional antifungal agents. Hyphae formed by C. albicans can also act as an important virulence factor related to its biofilm. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of zerumbone, a monocyclic sesquiterpene extracted from Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, against C. albicans biofilm formation. Our results suggest that zerumbone possesses antifungal and antibiofilm activity that inhibits biofilm formation and eradicates preformed biofilm. Notably, zerumbone considerably reduced carbohydrate and DNA contents of biofilm matrix. In addition, zerumbone showed antivirulence effects by decreasing the growth of hyphae and inhibiting morphologic changes of C. albicans. Furthermore, zerumbone significantly downregulated expression levels of biofilm-related and hyphae-specific genes, including HWP1 and ALS3. Since zerumbone suppresses biofilm formation and hyphae growth, these results indicate that zerumbone could be used as a potential candidate to treat and prevent C. albicans biofilm-related infections.

Inhibitory effects of the essential oils α-longipinene and linalool on biofilm formation and hyphal growth of Candida albicans

Biofouling ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjith Kumar Manoharan ◽  
Jin-Hyung Lee ◽  
Yong-Guy Kim ◽  
Soon-Il Kim ◽  
Jintae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

scholarly journals Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Farnesol, a Quorum-Sensing Molecule

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5459-5463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Ramage ◽  
Stephen P. Saville ◽  
Brian L. Wickes ◽  
José L. López-Ribot
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Adherent Cell ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Quorum Sensing Molecule

ABSTRACT Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule that inhibits filamentation in Candida albicans. Both filamentation and quorum sensing are deemed to be important factors in C. albicans biofilm development. Here we examined the effect of farnesol on C. albicans biofilm formation. C. albicans adherent cell populations (after 0, 1, 2, and 4 h of adherence) and preformed biofilms (24 h) were treated with various concentrations of farnesol (0, 3, 30, and 300 μM) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The extent and characteristics of biofilm formation were then assessed microscopically and with a semiquantitative colorimetric technique based on the use of 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide. The results indicated that the effect of farnesol was dependent on the concentration of this compound and the initial adherence time, and preincubation with 300 μM farnesol completely inhibited biofilm formation. Supernatant media recovered from mature biofilms inhibited the ability of planktonic C. albicans to form filaments, indicating that a morphogenetic autoregulatory compound is produced in situ in biofilms. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from cells in biofilms indicated that the levels of expression of HWP1, encoding a hypha-specific wall protein, were decreased in farnesol-treated biofilms compared to the levels in controls. Our results indicate that farnesol acts as a naturally occurring quorum-sensing molecule which inhibits biofilm formation, and we discuss its potential for further development and use as a novel therapeutic agent.

scholarly journals Visible Lights Combined with Photosensitizing Compounds Are Effective against Candida albicans Biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bapat ◽  
Gurbinder Singh ◽  
Clarissa J. Nobile
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Candida Albicans Biofilms

Fungal infections are increasing in prevalence worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Given the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and the fact that there are only three major classes of antifungal drugs available to treat invasive fungal infections, there is a need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies effective against fungal infections. Candida albicans is a commensal of the human microbiota that is also one of the most common fungal pathogens isolated from clinical settings. C. albicans possesses several virulence traits that contribute to its pathogenicity, including the ability to form drug-resistant biofilms, which can make C. albicans infections particularly challenging to treat. Here, we explored red, green, and blue visible lights alone and in combination with common photosensitizing compounds for their efficacies at inhibiting and disrupting C. albicans biofilms. We found that blue light inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted mature biofilms on its own and that the addition of photosensitizing compounds improved its antibiofilm potential. Red and green lights, however, inhibited biofilm formation only in combination with photosensitizing compounds but had no effects on disrupting mature biofilms. Taken together, these results suggest that photodynamic therapy may be an effective non-drug treatment for fungal biofilm infections that is worthy of further exploration.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genotypic variations in Candida albicans isolates from Romanian patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-413
Author(s):  
Irina Rosca ◽  
Andra-Cristina Bostanaru ◽  
Bogdan Minea ◽  
Valentin Nastasa ◽  
Iulian Gherghel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Sodium Periodate ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Phospholipase Activity ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Genotype A

Abstract Background: During the last two decades a major increase in the proportion of severe fungal infections has been noted due to the excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, catheters, and a growing number of immunocompromised patients. Objectives: This is the first investigation providing complete data regarding the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates in Romanian patients. Methods: We investigated 301 isolates in terms of genotype determination (G), resistogram (R), phospholipase activity (Pl), haemolysis (Hl), proteinase activity (Pt), and biofilm formation (BF). Results: The analyzed isolates of C. albicans showed low values for Pt (61.73%), Hl (95.49%), and BF (60.71%), and did not present any Pl activity (92.23%). More than half of the investigated samples were genotype A with 450 bp (52.92%) and the majority (86.19%) were resistant to sodium selenite (A), boric acid (B), sodium periodate (D) and silver nitrate (E), but sensitive to cetrimide (-). One-way ANOVA analysis revealed significant effects of the infection site on biofilm formation (p = 0.0137) and no significant correlation was found between the genotype (A, B, C) and the infection site (p =0.449). Conclusions: Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that C. albicans isolates in Romanian patients exhibit different genotypic and phenotypic patterns, and no significant correlations between genotype and infection site could be observed.

Inhibitory effects of oral Actinomyces on the proliferation, virulence and biofilm formation of Candida albicans

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1368-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqing Guo ◽  
Changlei Wei ◽  
Chuanxia Liu ◽  
Duo Li ◽  
Jun Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

scholarly journals BIOFILM FORMATION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS EXPOSED TO ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PROPOLIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 210-213
Author(s):  
ARIADNA ADISATTYA DJAIS ◽  
JEMMY . ◽  
NADHIFA PUTRI ◽  
ANDIN RAHMANIA PUTRI ◽  
RISQA RINA DARWITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Student’S T

Objective: Propolis extract showed an excellent in vitro performance against yeast and was additionally found to be fungistatic and fungicidal. Propolisextract is also used for treatment and prevention of fungal infections. However, its effectiveness against Candida albicans biofilm formation requiresinvestigation. The study evaluated the ability of propolis to inhibit C. albicans while the fungus is growing as a biofilm in vitro.Methods: Two reference strains, C. albicans ATCC 25923 and a clinical strain (laboratory stock), were used in this study. For the biofilm experiment,the fungi were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth medium with 1% sucrose and incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and different concentrations of ethanol extractof propolis were used as the inhibitor agents. Biofilm assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates, quantification of the total biofilm biomasswas performed using a crystal violet staining method, and the Student’s t-test was chosen for statistical analyses.Results: Our data showed that 3 h incubation with propolis did not affect the biomass in the experimental group compared to the control. When theincubation time was extended to 18 h, the biomass increased significantly compared to the control.Conclusion: This study showed that several concentrations of propolis did not inhibit biofilm. However, in each incubation time, we observed nohyphal morphology in the biofilm mass. Propolis might attenuate the opportunistic virulence of fungus growing as a biofilm in vitro. Further studiesare necessary to confirm this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Assessment of antifungal potentials of violacein extract from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Joy Nkeiruka Dike-Ndudim ◽  
Lovelyn Chinyeaka Ugenyi ◽  
Chizaram Winners Ndubueze
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Chromobacterium Violaceum ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Imo State

Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) in superficial fungal infections are major worldwide public health problem that affects a large part of the human population globally. The antifungal potentials of violacein extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, was assessed. Three water samples were collected from different locations of the Otamiri River, five from different swimming pools and three from different borehole locations in Owerri Metropolis. The samples were cultured on nutrient agar by pour plate method. The violet colonies of Chromobacterium violaceum were counted, characterized and identified. Water sample from Otamiri River station-1 had the highest bacteria count (20.00 × 101 CFU/Ml and 19.50 × 101 CFU/mL) respectively. Swimming pool 1 and 3 bacterial counts were (14.50 × 101 CFU/mL, 11.00 × 101 CFU/mL and 11.50 × 101 CFU/mL) respectively. For borehole 1, 2 and 3, swimming pool 2, 4 and 5 counts were (0.00 × 101 CFU/mL). The ethanolic extracts from the isolates (violacein) and the control drug (fluconazole 50µg/mL) both had inhibitory effects on the test organisms (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) at different concentrations. The MIC of Fluconazole on Candida albicans and A. niger were 25µg/ml and 50µg/Ml, respectively. Violacein from both swimming pools and Otamiri River isolates had MIC of 8.75mg/ml on A. niger and MIC of 4.375mg/ml on Candida albicans. Violacein which proved to have inhibitory effects on Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger can be harnessed for treatment of infections caused by these fungi.

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