scholarly journals Gut Microbiome of Indonesian Adults Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Asian City, Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Phatthanaphong Therdtatha ◽  
Yayi Song ◽  
Masaru Tanaka ◽  
Mariyatun Mariyatun ◽  
Maisaroh Almunifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Triangular Distribution ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Indonesia is a developing country facing the national problem of the growing obesity and diabetes in its population due to recent drastic dietary and lifestyle changes. To understand the link between the gut microbiome, diet, and health of Indonesian people, fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of 75 Indonesian adults in Yogyakarta City, including obese people (n = 21), type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (n = 25), and the controls (n = 29) were characterized together with their dietary and medical records. Variations of microbiomes showed a triangular distribution in the principal component analysis, driven by three dominant bacterial genera, namely Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Romboutsia. The Romboutsia-driven microbiome, characterized by low bacterial diversity and high primary bile acids, was associated with fat-driven obesity. The Bacteroides-driven microbiome, which counteracted Prevotella but was associated with Ruminococcaceae concomitantly increased with high-carbohydrate diets, showed positive correlation with T2D indices but negative correlation with body mass index. Notably, Bacteroides fragilis was increased in T2D patients with a decrease in fecal conjugated bile acids, particularly tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist with anti-diabetic activity, while these features disappeared in patients administered metformin. These results indicate that the gut microbiome status of Indonesian adults is differently associated with obesity and T2D under their varied dietary habits.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome of Indonesian Adults Differently Associated with Obesity and type 2 Diabetes under Varied Dietary Habits: A Cross-sectional Study in an Asian Developing City, Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phatthanaphong Therdtatha ◽  
Yayi Song ◽  
Masaru Tanaka ◽  
Mariyatun Mariyatun ◽  
Miisaroh Almunifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Triangular Distribution ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Abstract Indonesia is a developing country facing the national problem of the growing obesity and diabetes in its population due to recent drastic dietary and lifestyle changes. To understand the interface between the gut microbiome, diet, and health of Indonesian people, we characterized fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of 75 Indonesian adults in Yogyakarta City, including 21 obese people and 25 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, together with their dietary and medical records. Variations of microbiomes showed a triangular distribution in the principal component analysis, driven by three dominant bacterial genera, namely Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Romboutsia. The Romboutsia-driven microbiome, characterized by low bacterial diversity and high primary bile acids, was associated with fat-driven obesity. The Bacteroides-driven microbiome, which counteracted Prevotella but was associated with Ruminococcaceae concomitantly increased with high-carbohydrate diets, showed positive correlation with T2D indices but negative correlation with body mass index. Notably, Bacteroides fragilis was increased in T2D patients with a decrease of fecal conjugated bile acids, particularly tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist with anti-diabetic activity, while these features disappeared in patients administered metformin. These results indicate that the gut microbiome status of Indonesian adults is differently associated with obesity and T2D under their varied dietary habits.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Bile acid sequestrants in type 2 diabetes: potential effects on GLP1 secretion

2014 ◽  
Vol 171 (2) ◽  
pp. R47-R65 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Sonne ◽  
Morten Hansen ◽  
Filip K Knop
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Bile Acid Sequestrants ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Bile acid sequestrants have been used for decades for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Sequestering of bile acids in the intestinal lumen interrupts enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids, which initiate feedback mechanisms on the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids in the liver, thereby lowering cholesterol concentrations in the circulation. In the early 1990s, it was observed that bile acid sequestrants improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, several studies confirmed the finding and recently – despite elusive mechanisms of action – bile acid sequestrants have been approved in the USA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nowadays, bile acids are no longer labelled as simple detergents necessary for lipid digestion and absorption, but are increasingly recognised as metabolic regulators. They are potent hormones, work as signalling molecules on nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptors and trigger a myriad of signalling pathways in many target organs. The most described and well-known receptors activated by bile acids are the farnesoid X receptor (nuclear receptor) and the G protein-coupled cell membrane receptor TGR5. Besides controlling bile acid metabolism, these receptors are implicated in lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. Interestingly, activation of TGR5 on enteroendocrine L cells has been suggested to affect secretion of incretin hormones, particularly glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1 (GCG)). This review discusses the role of bile acid sequestrants in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the possible mechanism of action and the role of bile acid-induced secretion of GLP1 via activation of TGR5.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes in Children: A Growing Epidemic

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. St. Onge ◽  
Carol A. Motycka ◽  
Renee L. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Children Obesity ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

In the pediatric population, type 2 diabetes has become a growing concern. A correlation appears to exist among type 2 diabetes in children, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. If obesity and diabetes are left untreated, conditions such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy may result as well. These conditions indicate the incredible strain on the health care system caused by diabetes and obesity. This strain may be eased by logical treatments such as exercise and healthy eating habits for the child and family. However, these lifestyle changes are not always effective in controlling blood sugar. When lifestyle changes do not yield positive results, the clinician must decide which (if any) pharmacological treatments are safe to use in the pediatric population. Orlistat and sibutramine have been studied in children as treatments for obesity and appear to be safe and effective for this population. Metformin and insulin are among the medications approved to treat diabetes in children and adolescents. Healthcare practitioners must play a role in educating parents and their children about the effects of obesity on the development of diseases like diabetes, as well as various therapies used to manage diabetes. In addition, healthcare practitioners can assist patients and their parents in understanding the benefits and risks of medications used in the treatment of the disease, assistance that may result in them making informed decisions regarding their overall health.

scholarly journals Lifestyle strategies for weight control: experience from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Lindström ◽  
Markku Peltonen ◽  
Jaakko Tuomilehto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Prevention Study ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Diabetes Prevention Study ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Currently, in many European countries more than half the adult population is overweight; it hass become ‘abnormal’ to be of ‘normal weight’. The risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, hypertension and certain forms of cancer increase with increasing weight. Biological evolution has produced body-fat-regulating mechanisms that are more powerful in protecting against weight loss than against weight gain. The current environment offers constant availability of affordable palatable energy-rich foods, with no need to consume the energy through physical activity. The ‘obesogenic’ environment is to some extent a political issue, but it has been shown that the healthcare system can also have a role in preventing obesity-related morbidity. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study was the first controlled randomised study to show that individualised lifestyle counselling of individuals with high risk of developing type 2 diabetes can influence diet, physical activity and body weight, and that type 2 diabetes can be prevented, or at least postponed. Most importantly, lifestyle changes do not have to be extreme. If the population would adopt a lifestyle in line with the official nutrition recommendations, the obesity and diabetes trend could at least be stabilised.

Prediabetes and Adolescence—Trends, Causes, Effects, and Screening

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charikleia Stefanaki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing ◽  
Diabetes Onset

I ntermediate hyperglycemia, or prediabetes, is increasing worldwide, affecting people of all ages, including adolescents. Hormonal, physiological, psychological, and lifestyle changes in adolescence have been associated with disruptions in glucose homeostasis, such as decreased insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, or the combination of both. As a rule, glucose homeostasis is ameliorated, in normal subjects, when puberty is completed. However, in susceptible individuals, like obese adolescents, or adolescents with a strong genetic background, there is a progression to type 2 diabetes onset. Thus, susceptible adolescents should be screened for prediabetes, using fasting plasma glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and oral glucose tolerance testing. Prediabetic adolescents should be counseled for a healthy lifestyle including healthy dietary habits, increased physical activity, and/or stress management. Other pathological conditions should be adequately treated. Early recognition of prediabetes in adolescence will prevent type 2 diabetes onset, decreasing the diabetes-associated health burden in adult life. This review aims to revise the associations and elucidate on the gaps between prediabetes and adolescence, via a comprehensive review of the current medical literature.

scholarly journals Correction of eating habits in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-623
Author(s):  
N.O. Kravchun ◽  
I.P. Dunaeva
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Obese People

The International Diabetes Federation estimates that approximately 10 % of the adult population in Ukraine has prediabetes. According to many studies, prediabetes is observed in every second obese patient, and later prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, timely detection of early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is very important, as well as implementation of recommendations for lifestyle changes, the use of modern drugs to prevent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, increasing attention is drawn to dietary fibers as an integral part of a healthy diet. They help prevent obesity, metabolic syndrome and adverse changes in the gut, and also help increase the population of beneficial bacteria in the gut. That is why nutritionists recommend that obese people include dietary fibers in their diet. One of the most famous dietary fibers is psyllium, which comes from the husk of plantain seeds (Plantago ovata). Numerous studies show that psyllium has a positive effect on the functioning of many organs and systems, including the pancreas, intestines and heart muscle. Psyllium also lowers glucose and cholesterol and is an effective way to lose weight for people who are overweight. Fibolex® plant complex contains dietary fibers (psyllium and natural wheat fibers) and green tea extract. Due to the combined herbal composition, Fibolex® can be used in obese people, patients with prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders for the correction of eating habits in order to improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Irrational Beliefs, Dietary Habits and 10-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes; the ATTICA Epidemiological Study (2002-2012)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Christina Vassou ◽  
Mary Yannakoulia ◽  
Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou ◽  
Christina Chrysohoou ◽  
Christos Pitsavos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Detailed Medical History

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary habits and irrational beliefs of apparently healthy individuals in relation to their 10-year diabetes incidence. METHODS: The ATTICA study (2002-2012) is a prospective populationbased cohort study, in which 853 participants (453 men (aged 45 ± 13 years) and 400 women (aged 44 ± 18 years)) without a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) underwent psychological evaluations. Among other things, participants completed the Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI, range 0-88), a brief, self-reported measure consistent with the Ellis model of psychological disturbance. Demographic characteristics, detailed medical history, and dietary and other lifestyle habits were evaluated as well. Diagnosis of diabetes at follow-up examination was based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association. RESULTS: Mean IBI score was 53 ± 10 in men and 51± 11 in women (p = 0.68). IBI was positively associated with the 10-year type 2 diabetes incidence (hazard ratio: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04-1.25) in both men and women, and even more distinctly associated with participants with the following characteristics: lower education status, married, overweight, smokers, anxiety and depressive symptomatology, and unhealthy dietary habits. Especially, participants with increased irrational beliefs and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet were 37% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those with the reverse status (hazard ratio: 3.70; 95% CI: 2.32-5.88). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the need for lifestyle changes towards healthier nutrition which can be achieved by educating people so that they are equipped to recognize false and unhelpful thoughts and thus to prevent negative psychological and clinical outcomes such as mental health disorders and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Hyocholic acid species and the risk of type 2 diabetes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiao Zheng ◽  
Tianlu Chen ◽  
Runqiu Jiang ◽  
Aihua Zhao ◽  
Fengjie Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Hyocholic Acid ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Unique Mechanism ◽  
Apparently Healthy

ABSTRACTHyocholic acid (HCA) and its derivatives are found in only trace amounts in human blood, but constitute approximately 76 % of the bile acid (BA) pool in the pig, a species known for its exceptional resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here we show that HCA species play a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing T2DM. We found that in two cohort studies (n=1,213), both obesity and diabetes were associated with lower serum concentrations of HCA species. Serum HCA levels in apparently healthy individuals (n=132) were found to be strong predictors for metabolic health 10 years later. Oral administration of HCA increased serum fasting GLP-1, to a greater extent than metformin, in healthy and diabetic mouse models. HCA upregulated GLP-1 secretion in intestinal enteroendocrine cells via simultaneously activating G-protein-coupled BA receptor, TGR5, and inhibiting farnesoid X receptor, a unique mechanism that is not found in other BA species.

scholarly journals Sistematik Review: Faktor Resiko Obesitas terhadap Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 pada Remaja

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Barto Mansyah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Degenerative Diseases

Degenerative diseases or non-communicable diseases are caused by changes in lifestyle, especially changes in diet. One of the degenerative diseases is type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and increased glucose production in the liver. Adolescence is a critical period, unhealthy dietary habits are one of the risky behaviors in adolescence, and an unhealthy diet in adolescents is one of the causes of obesity. Obesity is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and most adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus are obese at diagnosis. This study is a systematic review study with article search methodology through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier with the keywords Obesity as a Risk Factor for Type II Diabetes Mellitus in adolescents. There are 12 research articles identified. It is known that obsession in adolescents is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus—type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood. The importance of providing education that focuses on lifestyle changes that aim to reduce the level of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents as well as education is also given to all family members so that families understand the importance of lifestyle changes for the successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Role of Physical Exercise in Obesity and Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Guideline ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Regular Physical Exercise

The prevalence of obesity is increasing world-wide. Obesity is associated with a plethora of metabolic and clinical constraints, which result in a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disease, particularly insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is an acknowledged determinant of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes and accounts for the majority of premature death due to cardiovascular events. Physical exercise is generally recommended in patients with diabetes in order to prevent the development of or reduce existing obesity, as adopted by every international treatment guideline so far. Regular physical exercise has a beneficial impact on body composition, cardiovascular integrity, insulin sensitivity and quality of life. However, only a minority of patients participates in regular physical exercise, due to individual or ­disease-related barriers. In type 2 diabetes, there is robust evidence for beneficial effects of physical exercise on glycemic control, cardiovascular health and the development of diabetes-related long-term complications. In type 1 diabetes and patients treated with insulin, a higher risk for exercise-­related hypoglycemia has to be considered, which requires certain prerequisites and adequate adaptions of insulin ­dosing. Current treatment guidelines do only incompletely address the development of exercise-related hypoglycemia. However, every patient with diabetes should participate in regular physical exercise in order to support and enable ­sufficient treatment and optimal glycemic control.

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