scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Weissella cibaria JW15 by Phenotypic and Genotypic Property Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2450
Author(s):  
Ye-Ji Jang ◽  
Hee-Min Gwon ◽  
Woo-Soo Jeong ◽  
Soo-Hwan Yeo ◽  
So-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Weissella Cibaria ◽  
Genotypic Analysis

Weissella cibaria is one of the bacteria in charge of the initial fermentation of kimchi and has beneficial effects such as immune-modulating, antagonistic, and antioxidant activities. In our study, we aimed to estimate the safety of W. cibaria JW15 for the use of probiotics according to international standards based on phenotypic (antibiotic resistance, hemolysis, and toxic metabolite production) and genotypic analysis (virulence genes including antibiotic resistance genes). The results of the safety assessment on W. cibaria JW15 were as follows; (1) antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (kanamycin and vancomycin etc.) were intrinsic characteristics; (2) There were no acquired virulence genes including Cytolysin (cylA), aggregation substance (asa1), Hyaluronidase (hyl), and Gelatinase (gelE); (3) this strain also lacked β-hemolysis and the production of toxic metabolites (D-lactate and bile salt deconjugation). Consequently, W. cibaria JW15 is expected to be applied as a functional food ingredient in the food market.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Oral Care Probiotics Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 by Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Sun Kang ◽  
Ji-Eun Yeu ◽  
Sang-Phil Hong
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Weissella Cibaria ◽  
Genotypic Analysis

Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 are known to exert beneficial effects on the oral cavity but have not yet been determined to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), although they are used as commercial strains in Korea. We aimed to verify the safety of W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 strains through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Their safety was evaluated by a minimum inhibitory concentration assay for 14 antibiotics, DNA analysis for 28 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and one conjugative element, antibiotic resistance gene transferability, virulence gene analysis, hemolysis, mucin degradation, toxic metabolite production, and platelet aggregation reaction. W. cibaria CMU showed higher kanamycin resistance than the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) cut-off, but this resistance was not transferred to the recipient strain. W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 lacked ARGs in chromosomes and plasmids, and genetic analysis confirmed that antibiotic resistance of kanamycin was an intrinsic characteristic of W. cibaria. Additionally, these strains did not harbor virulence genes associated with pathogenic bacteria and lacked toxic metabolite production, β-hemolysis, mucin degradation, bile salt deconjugation, β-glucuronidase, nitroreductase activity, gelatin liquefaction, phenylalanine degradation, and platelet aggregation. Our findings demonstrate that W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 can achieve the GRAS status in future.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics and virulence gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Hainan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehan Li ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Chenglin Li ◽  
Yirong Li
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A

Abstract Background There have been no reports regarding the molecular characteristics, virulence features, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from Hainan, the southernmost province of China. Methods Two hundred twenty-seven S. aureus isolates, consisting of 76 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 151 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), were collected in 2013–2014 and 2018–2019 in Hainan, and investigated for their molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profiles and main antibiotic resistance genes. Results Forty sequence types (STs) including three new STs (ST5489, ST5492 and ST5493), and 79 Staphylococcal protein A (spa) types were identified based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing, respectively. ST398 (14.1%, 32/227) was found to be the most prevalent, and the prevalence of ST398-MSSA increased significantly from 2013 to 2014 (5.5%, 5/91) to 2018–2019 (18.4%, 25/136). Seventy-six MRSA isolates were subject to staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing. SCCmec-IVa was the predominant SCCmec type, and specifically, ST45-SCCmec IVa, an infrequent type in mainland China, was predominant in S. aureus from Hainan. The antibiotic resistance profiles and antibiotic resistance genes of S. aureus show distinctive features in Hainan. The resistant rates of the MRSA isolates to a variety of antibiotics were significantly higher than those of the MSSA isolates. The predominant erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes were ermC (90.1%, 100/111) and tetK (91.8%, 78/85), respectively. Eleven virulence genes, including the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and eta, were determined, and the frequency of eta and pvl were found to be 57.3 and 47.6%. Such high prevalence has never been seen in mainland China before. Conclusion S. aureus isolates in Hainan have unique molecular characteristics, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profiles, and main antibiotic resistance genes which may be associated with the special geographical location of Hainan and local trends in antibiotic use.

scholarly journals Emerging MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish commonly harbor oprL and toxA virulence genes and blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and tetA antibiotic-resistance genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽  
Mahmoud Mabrok ◽  
Elayaraja Sivaramasamy ◽  
Fatma M. Youssef ◽  
Mona H. Atwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Total Prevalence

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiogram of Pseudomonasaeruginosa (P.aeruginosa), and the distribution of virulence genes (oprL,exoS, phzM, and toxA) and the antibiotic-resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA, and blaCTX-M). A total of 285 fish (165 Oreochromisniloticus and 120 Clariasgariepinus) were collected randomly from private fish farms in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The collected specimens were examined bacteriologically. P. aeruginosa was isolated from 90 examined fish (31.57%), and the liver was the most prominent infected organ. The antibiogram of the isolated strains was determined using a disc diffusion method, where the tested strains exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and gentamicin. The PCR results revealed that all the examined strains harbored (oprL and toxA) virulence genes, while only 22.2% were positive for the phzM gene. On the contrary, none of the tested strains were positive for the exoS gene. Concerning the distribution of the antibiotic resistance genes, the examined strains harbored blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and tetA genes with a total prevalence of 83.3%, 77.7%, and 75.6%, respectively. Experimentally infected fish with P.aeruginosa displayed high mortalities in direct proportion to the encoded virulence genes and showed similar signs of septicemia found in the naturally infected one. In conclusion, P.aeruginosa is a major pathogen of O.niloticus and C.gariepinus.oprL and toxA genes are the most predominant virulence genes associated with P.aeruginosa infection. The blaCTX-M,blaTEM, and tetA genes are the main antibiotic-resistance genes that induce resistance patterns to cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and tetracycline, highlighting MDR P.aeruginosa strains of potential public health concern.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Genes of Klebsiella species in silico

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusrat Nahar ◽  
Ridwan Bin Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Klebsiella Infections

A total of twelve isolates were screened for virulence and antibiotic resistance genes associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by in silico PCR amplification. Iron uptake protein entB was detected in 66.67% (n=8) of the isolates while no isolate was found to harbour chelating agent irp2. Iron uptake system kfu, involved in purulent tissue infections and capsule formation, was identified in 25% (n=3) of the isolates. Regulator of mucoid phenotype A, rmpA was not found in any of the isolates. The wabG gene, responsible for urinary tract infections was found in seven K. pneumoniae strains. Five uge positive strains might play role in the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae infections. About 83.33% of the isolates were positive for type 1 fimbriae fimH1 while no type 3 fimbriae mrkD gene was found. Complement reaction blocked by plasmid traT gene was not observed in Klebsiella species while eight isolates harboured outer membrane lipoprotein, ycfM which protects Klebsiella species from antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM and blaSHV were detected in 33.33% (n=4) and 66.67% (n=8) of the isolates while 25% isolates carried both blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Genotype 1 carried fimH1 and ycfM genes while all the virulence genes studied were present in genotype 2 and 3. The blaSHV gene was detected in all the genotypes while blaTEM gene was found in only genotype 1 and 3. The findings of this study would be helpful to predict virulence gene associated with Klebsiella infections. This data also helps us to choose antibiotics for treating Klebsiella infections. By assessing the genotypic distribution of antibiotic resistance gene, correct antibiotic can be used to treat the infection. This could help reduce emergence of antibiotic resistance since it is known that incorrect choice of antibiotics contributes to antibiotic resistance.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(1): 119-127, 2017 (June)

scholarly journals Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in Group B Streptococcus from clinical samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Mudzana ◽  
Rooyen T Mavenyengwa ◽  
Muchaneta Gudza-Mugabe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background: Streptococcus agalacticae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is one of the most important causative agents of serious infections among neonates. This study was carried out to identify antibiotic resistance and virulence genes associated with GBS isolated from pregnant women.Methods: A total of 43 GBS isolates were obtained from 420 vaginal samples collected from HIV positive and negative women who were 13-35 weeks pregnant attending Antenatal Care at Chitungwiza and Harare Central Hospitals in Zimbabwe. Identification tests of GBS isolates was done using standard bacteriological methods and molecular identification testing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer method and E-test strips. The boiling method was used to extract DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to screen for 13 genes. Data was fed into SPSS 24.0.Results: Nine distinct virulence gene profiles were identified and hly-scpB-bca-rib 37.2% (16/43) was common. The virulence genes identified were namely hly 97.8% (42/43), scpB 90.1% (39/43), bca 86.0% (37/43), rib 69.8% (30/43) and bac 11.6% (5/43). High resistance to tetracycline 97.7% (42/43) was reported followed by 72.1% (31/43) cefazolin, 69.8% (30/43) penicillin G, 58.1% (25/43) ampicillin, 55.8% (24/43) clindamycin, 46.5% (20/43) ceftriaxone, 34.9% (15/43) chloramphenicol, and 30.2% (13/43) for both erythromycin and vancomycin using disk diffusion. Antibiotic resistance genes among the resistant and intermediate-resistant isolates showed high frequencies for tetM 97.6% (41/42) and low frequencies for ermB 34.5% (10/29), ermTR 10.3% (3/29), mefA 3.4% (1/29), tetO 2.4% (1/42) and linB 0% (0/35). The atr housekeeping gene yielded 100% (43/43) positive results, whilst the mobile genetic element IS1548 yielded 9.3% (4/43).Conclusion: The study showed high prevalence of hly, scpB, bca and rib virulence genes in S. agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant women. Tetracycline resistance was predominantly caused by the tetM gene, whilst macrolide resistance was predominantly due to the presence of erm methylase, with the ermB gene being more prevalent. Multi-drug resistance coupled with the recovery of resistant isolates to antimicrobial agents such as penicillins indicates the importance of GBS surveillance and susceptibility tests. It was also observed that in vitro phenotypic resistance is not always accurately predicted by resistance genotypes.

scholarly journals Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in Group B Streptococcus from clinical samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Mudzana ◽  
Rooyen T Mavenyengwa ◽  
Muchaneta Gudza-Mugabe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background: Streptococcus agalacticae is one of the most important causative agents of serious infections among neonates. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) virulence factors are important in the development of vaccines, whilst antibiotic resistance genes are necessary in understanding the resistance mechanisms used by these pathogens. This study was carried out to identify the virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes associated with GBS isolated from pregnant women.Methods: A total of 43 GBS isolates were obtained from vaginal samples that were collected from all HIV positive and HIV negative women who were 13-35 weeks pregnant attending Antenatal Care at both Chitungwiza and Harare Central Hospitals in Zimbabwe. Identification tests of GBS isolates was done using standard bacteriological methods including molecular tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using 3 antibiotics was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The boiling method was used to extract DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to screen for 13 genes in the isolates. Data was fed into SPSS 24.0 and the Spearman rank correlation test used to determine any correlation among genes.Results: Nine distinct virulence gene profiles were identified. The profiles hly-scpB-bca-rib 37.2% (16/43) and hly-scpB-bca 18.6% (8/43) were common among GBS isolates. The following virulence gene frequencies were obtained namely hly 97.8% (42/43), scpB 90.1% (39/43), bca 86.0% (37/43), rib 69.8% (30/43) and bac 11.6% (5/43). Antibiotic resistance genes showed high frequencies for tetM 97.6% (41/42) and low frequencies for ermB 34.5% (10/29), ermTR 10.3% (3/29), mefA 3.4% (1/29), tetO 2.4% (1/42) and linB 0% (0/35). The atr housekeeping gene amplification yielded 100% (43/43) positive results, whilst the mobile genetic element IS1548 yielded a low 9.3% (4/43).Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of multiple virulence genes hly, scpB, bca and rib in S. agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant women. Tetracycline resistance was found to be predominantly caused by the tetM gene, whilst macrolide resistance was predominantly due to the presence of erm methylase, with the ermB gene being more prevalent. It was also observed that in vitro phenotypic resistance is not always accurately predicted by resistance genotypes.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics and virulence gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Hainan, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehan Li ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Chenglin Li ◽  
Yirong Li
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Spa Typing

Abstract Background: There have been no reports regarding the molecular characteristics, virulence features, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) from Hainan, the southernmost province of China. Methods: 227 S. aureus isolates, consisting of 76 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 151 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), were collected in 2013-2014 and 2018-2019 in Hainan, and investigated for their molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profiles and main antibiotic resistance genes. Results: Forty sequence types (STs) including three new STs (ST5489, ST5492 and ST5493), and 79 Staphylococcal protein A ( spa ) types were identified based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing, respectively. ST398 (14.1%, 32/227) was found to be the most prevalent, and the prevalence of ST398-MSSA increased significantly from 2013-2014 (5.5%, 5/91) to 2018-2019 (18.4%, 25/136). Seventy-six MRSA isolates were subject to staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCC mec ) typing. SCC mec- IVa was the predominant SCC mec type, and specifically, ST45-SCC mec IVa, an infrequent type in mainland China, was predominant in S. aureus from Hainan. The antibiotic resistance profiles and antibiotic resistance genes of S . aureus show distinctive features in Hainan. The resistant rates of the MRSA isolates to a variety of antibiotics were significantly higher than those of the MSSA isolates. The predominant erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes were ermC (90.1%, 100/111) and tetK (91.8%, 78/85), respectively. Eleven virulence genes, including the Panton-Valentine leukocidin ( pvl ) and eta , were determined, and the frequency of eta and pvl were found to be 57.3% and 47.6%. Such high prevalence has never been seen in mainland China before. Conclusion: S. aureus isolates in Hainan have unique molecular characteristics, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profiles, and main antibiotic resistance genes which may be associated with the special geographical location of Hainan and local trends in antibiotic use.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics and virulence gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Hainan, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehan Li ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Chenglin Li ◽  
Yirong Li
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Spa Typing

Abstract Background: There have been no reports regarding the molecular characteristics, virulence features, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) from Hainan, the southernmost province of China. Methods: 227 S. aureus isolates, consisting of 76 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 151 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), were collected in 2013-2014 and 2018-2019 in Hainan, and investigated for their molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profiles and main antibiotic resistance genes. Results: Forty sequence types (STs) including three new STs (ST5489, ST5492 and ST5493), and 79 Staphylococcal protein A ( spa ) types were identified based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing, respectively. ST398 (14.1%, 32/227) was found to be the most prevalent, and the prevalence of ST398-MSSA increased significantly from 2013-2014 (5.5%, 5/91) to 2018-2019 (18.4%, 25/136). Seventy-six MRSA isolates were subject to staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCC mec ) typing. SCC mec- IVa was the predominant SCC mec type, and specifically, ST45-SCC mec IVa, an infrequent type in mainland China, was predominant in S. aureus from Hainan. The antibiotic resistance profiles and antibiotic resistance genes of S . aureus show distinctive features in Hainan. The resistant rates of the MRSA isolates to a variety of antibiotics were significantly higher than those of the MSSA isolates. The predominant erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes were ermC (90.1%, 100/111) and tetK (91.8%, 78/85), respectively. Eleven virulence genes, including the Panton-Valentine leukocidin ( pvl ) and eta , were determined, and the frequency of eta and pvl were found to be 57.3% and 47.6%. Such high prevalence has never been seen in mainland China before. Conclusion: S. aureus isolates in Hainan have unique molecular characteristics, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profiles, and main antibiotic resistance genes which may be associated with the special geographical location of Hainan and local trends in antibiotic use.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Assessment of the Safety of Blautia producta DSM 2950

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 908
Author(s):  
Xuemei Liu ◽  
Weiling Guo ◽  
Shumao Cui ◽  
Xin Tang ◽  
Jianxin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Genomic Islands ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

In recent years, Blautia has attracted attention for its role in ameliorating host diseases. In particular, Blautia producta DSM 2950 has been considered a potential probiotic due to its ability to mitigate inflammation in poly(I:C) induced HT-29 cells. Thus, to promote the development of indigenous intestinal microorganisms with potential probiotic function, we conducted a comprehensive experimental analysis of DSM 2950 to determine its safety. This comprised a study of its potential virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, genomic islands, antibiotic resistance, and hemolytic activity and a 14-day test of its acute oral toxicity in mice. The results indicated no toxin-related virulence genes in the DSM 2950 genome. Most of the genomic islands in DSM 2950 were related to metabolism, rather than virulence expression. DSM 2950 was sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics but was tolerant of treatment with kanamycin, neomycin, clindamycin, or ciprofloxacin, probably because it possessed the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes. Oral acute toxicity tests indicated that the consumption of DSM 2950 does not cause toxic side effects in mice. Overall, the safety profile of DSM 2950 confirmed that it could be a candidate probiotic for use in food and pharmaceutical preparations.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Occurrence of Selected Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacteria of the Genus Campylobacter Collected from Horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Marek Selwet
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Campylobacter spp. bacteria occurrence in female Hutsul horses, and the presence of selected virulence genes and resistance to antibiotics among the isolates obtained in the experiment. One hundred (n = 100) healthy mares were tested. Campylobacter spp. bacteria were found in 9 (n = 9) animals, 89% (n = 8) of which were described as C. jejuni. There were no C. coli or C. lari found. Analyses of C. jejuni isolates revealed the presence of selected virulence genes in the following order: cadF (n = 5), cdtA (n = 1) and cdtB (n = 3). The following antibiotics were used to test the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria: ampicillin (AMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (E), gentamicin (GE), meropenem (MEM) and tetracycline (TE). C. jejuni were completely sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, and tetracycline.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document