scholarly journals Identification and Functional Analysis of a Flavonol Synthase Gene from Grape Hyacinth

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Liu ◽  
Beibei Su ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
Jiaxin Gong ◽  
Boxiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Flavonol Synthase ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Grape Hyacinth

Flavonols are important copigments that affect flower petal coloration. Flavonol synthase (FLS) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroflavonols to flavonols. In this study, we identified a FLS gene, MaFLS, expressed in petals of the ornamental monocot Muscari aucheri (grape hyacinth) and analyzed its spatial and temporal expression patterns. qRT-PCR analysis showed that MaFLS was predominantly expressed in the early stages of flower development. We next analyzed the in planta functions of MaFLS. Heterologous expression of MaFLS in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) resulted in a reduction in pigmentation in the petals, substantially inhibiting the expression of endogenous tobacco genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (i.e., NtDFR, NtANS, and NtAN2) and upregulating the expression of NtFLS. The total anthocyanin content in the petals of the transformed tobacco plants was dramatically reduced, whereas the total flavonol content was increased. Our study suggests that MaFLS plays a key role in flavonol biosynthesis and flower coloration in grape hyacinth. Moreover, MaFLS may represent a new potential gene for molecular breeding of flower color modification and provide a basis for analyzing the effects of copigmentation on flower coloration in grape hyacinth.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analyses reveal anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Ou Xiao ◽  
Wen qiu Lin ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Xue Feng Feng ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge

We obtained a white-peel eggplant (L6-5) by EMS mutation in our previous study, whose total anthocyanin content was significantly decreased as compared with that of wild-type (WT). To analyse the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in eggplants, we analysed the eggplant peel by RNA-seq in this study. The transcript results revealed upregulation of 465 genes and downregulation of 525 genes in L6-5 as compared with the WT eggplant. A total of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes were significantly downregulated in L6-5 as compared with that in WT. Meanwhile, on the basis of the RT-PCR results of four natural eggplant cultivars, the expression pattern of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes was consistent with the anthocyanin content. Thus, we speculated the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in eggplant peel. The transcript and RT-PCR results suggested positive regulation of MYB1, MYB108 and TTG8 and negative regulation of bHLH36 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study enhanced our cumulative knowledge about anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant peels.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of anthocyanin-related genes in ornamental cabbage

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Won Jin ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Jong-Goo Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wd40 Repeats

Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a winter-grown and important decorative plant of the family Brassicaceae, which displays an exceptional coloration in the central leaves of the rosette. Anthocyanins are the key determinant of the red, purple, and blue colors of vegetative and reproductive parts of many plant species including ornamental cabbage. Total anthocyanin content was measured spectrophotometrically, and the highest anthocyanin content was detected in the red followed by light-red and white ornamental cabbage lines. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by members of three different transcription factor (TF) families, such as MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40 repeats (WDR), which function as a MBW complex. We identified three MYB, six bHLH, and one WDR TFs that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental cabbage. The expression of the regulatory and biosynthetic genes for anthocyanin synthesis was determined by qPCR. The tested structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway were shown to be up-regulated in the red followed by light-red ornamental cabbage lines; however, the expression levels of the late biosynthetic genes were barely detected in the white ornamental cabbage lines. Among the regulatory genes, BoPAP2 (MYB), BoTT8, BoEGL3.1, and BoMYC1.2 (bHLH), and BoTTG1 (WDR) were identified as candidates for the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work could be useful for the breeding of novel colorful ornamental cabbage cultivars.

scholarly journals Network Analysis of Transcriptome and LC-MS Reveals a Possible Biosynthesis Pathway of Anthocyanins in Dendrobium officinale

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhiyao Ren ◽  
Fangning Qiu ◽  
Yinjie Wang ◽  
Wenxia Yu ◽  
Chenxing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Serine Carboxypeptidase ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Herbal Plant

Anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids, are widely present in plants and determine the colors of the peels of stems, fruits, and flowers. In this study, we used UHPLC-ESI-MS to identify anthocyanins in the herbal plant Dendrobium officinale, which has been used for centuries in China. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content in samples from Guangxi was the highest. Seven anthocyanins were identified, and the fragmentation pathways were proposed from D. officinale. Most of the identified anthocyanins were composed of cyanidin and sinapoyl groups. We also carried out that the sinapoyl group had active sites on breast cancer receptors by using Schrödinger. The relative levels of the 7 anthocyanins in the samples from the three locations were determined. Transcriptomic analysis was used to analyze the sinapoyl anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in plants, such as genes encoding UGTs and serine carboxypeptidase. We speculated that sinapoyl anthocyanin biosynthesis was associated with the activities of certain enzymes, including chalcone flavonone isomerase-like, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1, UGT-83A1, UGT-88B1 isoform X1, serine carboxypeptidase-like 18 isoform X3, and serine carboxypeptidase-like 18.

scholarly journals Gwas and Genomic Selection For Increased Anthocyanin Content in Purple Corn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Chatham ◽  
John A. Juvik
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Corn Breeding ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Purple Corn ◽  
Anthocyanin Production

AbstractPurple corn offers an attractive source of economical natural anthocyanin-based colorant for use in foods and beverages. Yet to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. We studied flux through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using GWAS data derived from a diverse purple corn landrace with anthocyanin-rich pericarp, Apache Red. Trends between flavonoid endpoints suggest that regulators of total flux into the pathway and regulators of partitioning within the pathway may both represent targets for maximizing anthocyanin content. A peak at the end of chromosome 1 near Aat1 (Anthocyanin acyltransferase1) was highly significant in all approaches taken to map anthocyanin flux, suggesting the structural modification of malonylation is required for maximal anthocyanin production. We also identified several candidate MATEs and H+ ATPases that could assist in the preferential transport of acylated anthocyanins into the vacuole. These and other candidates identified here suggest there is still much to learn about the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the pericarp of purple corn. The efficacy of genomic predictions in the population was also studied, yielding an accuracy of 0.71 with cross validation for total anthocyanin content with no improvement found when known anthocyanin regulators were added to the model. These data suggest that genomic selection could be employed effectively in a purple corn breeding program, and especially for a landrace improvement program.

scholarly journals Abscisic acid and ethylene biosynthesis-related genes are associated with anthocyanin accumulation in purple ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Genome ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 513-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Won Jin ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim ◽  
Hee-Jeong Jung ◽  
Khandker Shazia Afrin ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Reverse Transcription Quantitative Pcr

Purple ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a popular decorative plant, cultivated for its colorful leaf rosettes that persist in cool weather. It is characterized by green outer leaves and purple inner leaves, whose purple pigmentation is due to the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. Phytohormones play important roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in other species. Here, we identified 14 and 19 candidate genes putatively involved in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, respectively, in B. oleracea. We determined the expression patterns of these candidate genes by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Among candidate ABA biosynthesis-related genes, the expressions of BoNCED2.1, BoNCED2.2, BoNCED6, BoNCED9.1, and BoAAO3.2 were significantly higher in purple compared to green leaves. Likewise, most of the ET biosynthetic genes (BoACS6, BoACS9.1, BoACS11, BoACO1.1, BoACO1.2, BoACO3.1, BoACO4, and BoACO5) had significantly higher expression in purple compared to green leaves. Among these genes, BoNCED2.1, BoNCED2.2, BoACS11, and BoACO4 showed particularly strong associations with total anthocyanin content of the purple inner leaves. Our results suggest that ABA and ET might promote the intense purple pigmentation of the inner leaves of purple ornamental cabbage.

scholarly journals Flower Color Diversity Revealed by Differential Expression of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Sacred Lotus

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Yeqing Chen ◽  
Man Yuan ◽  
Zeyun Xue ◽  
Qijiang Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Sacred Lotus

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an important aquatic ornamental plant which contains several diverse flower colors, but the underlying mechanisms of its flower coloration remain unclear. In this study, seven complementary DNA (cDNA) clones of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), were isolated and characterized. Moreover, expression patterns of these seven genes and pigment profiles were investigated across four N. nucifera cultivars with different flower colors: Zhongguohongbeijing [ZGH (red)], Xinghuafen [XHF (pink)], Molingqiuse [MLQS (yellow)], and Zhufengcuiying [ZFCY (white)]. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that during flower development, transcripts of early biosynthetic genes (NnCHS, NnCHI, and NnF3H) were abundant at the early stage; noticeably, highest expression of NnCHI in MLQS probably induced abundant anthoxanthin synthesis and displayed yellow. Expression of late biosynthetic genes, especially NnDFR and NnANS, was generally consistent with change patterns of anthocyanins in ZGH and XHF, but NnF3′H was barely detectable in the pink cultivars. Meanwhile, negligible expression of NnDFR and NnANS was detected in MLQS and ZFCY, respectively, which blocked their colored anthocyanin biosynthesis. Spatial expression analysis revealed that most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were highly expressed in floral tissues, rather than leaves. These results suggest that in N. nucifera cultivars with different flower colors, flavonoid biosynthesis is differentially regulated by the expression of these flavonoid biosynthetic genes, among which, NnCHI, NnF3′H, NnDFR, and NnANS are supposed to be critical for pigment accumulation, and therefore, affect different flower coloration.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analyses reveal anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Ou Xiao ◽  
Wen qiu Lin ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Xue Feng Feng ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge

We obtained a white-peel eggplant (L6-5) by EMS mutation in our previous study, whose total anthocyanin content was significantly decreased as compared with that of wild-type (WT). To analyse the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in eggplants, we analysed the eggplant peel by RNA-seq in this study. The transcript results revealed upregulation of 465 genes and downregulation of 525 genes in L6-5 as compared with the WT eggplant. A total of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes were significantly downregulated in L6-5 as compared with that in WT. Meanwhile, on the basis of the RT-PCR results of four natural eggplant cultivars, the expression pattern of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes was consistent with the anthocyanin content. Thus, we speculated the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in eggplant peel. The transcript and RT-PCR results suggested positive regulation of MYB1, MYB108 and TTG8 and negative regulation of bHLH36 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study enhanced our cumulative knowledge about anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant peels.

Inhibitory effects of bioaccessible anthocyanins and procyanidins from apple, red grape, cinnamon on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pınar Ercan ◽  
Sedef Nehir El
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Red Grape

Abstract. The goals of this study were to determine and evaluate the bioaccessibility of total anthocyanin and procyanidin in apple (Amasya, Malus communis), red grape (Papazkarası, Vitis vinifera) and cinnamon (Cassia, Cinnamomum) using an in vitro static digestion system based on human gastrointestinal physiologically relevant conditions. Also, in vitro inhibitory effects of these foods on lipid (lipase) and carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) were performed with before and after digested samples using acarbose and methylumbelliferyl oleate (4MUO) as the positive control. While the highest total anthocyanin content was found in red grape (164 ± 2.51 mg/100 g), the highest procyanidin content was found in cinnamon (6432 ± 177.31 mg/100 g) (p < 0.05). The anthocyanin bioaccessibilities were found as 10.2 ± 1%, 8.23 ± 0.64%, and 8.73 ± 0.70% in apple, red grape, and cinnamon, respectively. The procyanidin bioaccessibilities of apple, red grape, and cinnamon were found as 17.57 ± 0.71%, 14.08 ± 0.74% and 18.75 ± 1.49%, respectively. The analyzed apple, red grape and cinnamon showed the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 544 ± 21.94, 445 ± 15.67, 1592 ± 17.58 μg/mL, respectively), α-amylase (IC50 38.4 ± 7.26, 56.1 ± 3.60, 3.54 ± 0.86 μg/mL, respectively), and lipase (IC50 52.7 ± 2.05, 581 ± 54.14, 49.6 ± 2.72 μg/mL), respectively. According to our results apple, red grape and cinnamon have potential to inhibit of lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase digestive enzymes.

scholarly journals Effect of Freeze Crystallization on Quality Properties of Two Endemic Patagonian Berries Juices: Murta (Ugni molinae) and Arrayan (Luma apiculata)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
María Guerra-Valle ◽  
Siegried Lillo-Perez ◽  
Guillermo Petzold ◽  
Patricio Orellana-Palma
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Ugni Molinae

This work studied the effects of centrifugal block freeze crystallization (CBFC) on physicochemical parameters, total phenolic compound content (TPCC), antioxidant activity (AA), and process parameters applied to fresh murta and arrayan juices. In the last cycle, for fresh murta and arrayan juices, the total soluble solids (TSS) showed values close to 48 and 54 Brix, and TPCC exhibited values of approximately 20 and 66 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 grams dry matter (d.m.) for total polyphenol content, 13 and 25 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total anthocyanin content, and 9 and 17 mg quercetin equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total flavonoid content, respectively. Moreover, the TPCC retention indicated values over 78% for murta juice, and 82% for arrayan juice. Similarly, the AA presented an increase over 2.1 times in relation to the correspondent initial AA value. Thus, the process parameters values were between 69% and 85% for efficiency, 70% and 88% for percentage of concentrate, and 0.72% and 0.88 (kg solutes/kg initial solutes) for solute yield. Therefore, this work provides insight about CBFC on valuable properties in fresh Patagonian berries juices, for future applications in health and industrial scale.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Meng-Bo Tian ◽  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zhu-Mei Xi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relative Gene ◽  
High Expression Level

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

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