Development and Effects of Influenza Antiviral Drugs

Influenza virus is a highly contagious zoonotic respiratory disease that causes seasonal outbreaks each year and unpredictable pandemics occasionally with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Besides the limited effect of vaccines, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against all flu strains. Currently, there are two classes of antiviral drugs available that are chemosynthetic and approved against influenza A virus for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, but the appearance of drug-resistant virus strains is a serious issue that strikes at the core of influenza control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs. Many reports have shown that the development of novel bioactive plant extracts and microbial extracts has significant advantages in influenza treatment. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and effects of chemosynthetic drugs, plant extracts, and microbial extracts with influenza antiviral activity, hoping to provide some references for novel antiviral drug design and promising alternative candidates for further anti-influenza drug development.

Download Full-text

Specific therapy and emergency prevention of flu

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-116-123 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 116-123

Author(s):

Wassili M. Delyagin

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Food Treatment ◽

Number Of Patients

Influenza A and B epidemics, occasionally pandemics, are characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. In most cases, an uncomplicated disease ends with recovery, but unfavorable outcomes, up to lethal, are possible, especially in premature, low birth weight, infants and young children, old people, pregnant and postpartum women, with chronic diseases, immunocompromised, receiving salicylates and anticoagulants. The use of modern diagnostic methods allows early detection of patients with influenza, distinguishing them from the total number of patients with respiratory infections. This allows you to optimize the timing of the examination, avoid unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and timely prescribe specific chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. During epidemics, in the presence of an epidemiological history, the conclusion of the clinician is decisive for the diagnosis. Vaccination is an excellent method of preventing or relieving the flu. However, in case of an unfavorable course of the disease, in risk groups, in closed groups, it is recommended to use chemotherapy, pre-exposure or post-exposure chemoprophylaxis. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of the use of the drug oseltamivir, a specific blocker of the virus neuraminidase. As a result, its replication stops. The drug does not complicate the vaccination, it can be used in vaccinated people, in all age groups, is available in different dosages, and can be used with food. Treatment for uncomplicated influenza lasts 5 days. In certain situations, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy with the specific antiviral drug oseltamivir can help control influenza outbreaks in certain populations.

Download Full-text

Triple-Combination Antiviral Drug for Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Critically Ill Patients on Mechanical Ventilation

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.05529-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 5703-5709 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Won-Young Kim ◽

Gee Young Suh ◽

Jin Won Huh ◽

Sung-Han Kim ◽

Min-ju Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Influenza A ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Triple Combination ◽

Influenza A H1n1

ABSTRACTA recentin vitrostudy showed that the three compounds of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action (amantadine, ribavirin, and oseltamivir) could result in synergistic antiviral activity against influenza virus. However, no clinical studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of combination antiviral therapy in patients with severe influenza illness. A total of 245 adult patients who were critically ill with confirmed pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) virus infection and were admitted to one of the intensive care units of 28 hospitals in Korea were reviewed. Patients who required ventilator support and received either triple-combination antiviral drug (TCAD) therapy or oseltamivir monotherapy were analyzed. A total of 127 patients were included in our analysis. Among them, 24 patients received TCAD therapy, and 103 patients received oseltamivir monotherapy. The 14-day mortality was 17% in the TCAD group and 35% in the oseltamivir group (P= 0.08), and the 90-day mortality was 46% in the TCAD group and 59% in the oseltamivir group (P= 0.23). None of the toxicities attributable to antiviral drugs occurred in either group of our study, including hemolytic anemia and hepatic toxicities related to the use of ribavirin. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratio for the association of TCAD with 90-day mortality was 0.58 (95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 1.42;P= 0.24). Although this study was retrospective and did not provide virologic outcomes, our results suggest that the treatment outcome of the triple combination of amantadine, ribavirin, and oseltamivir was comparable to that of oseltamivir monotherapy.

Download Full-text

Antiviral Activity of Chrysin against Influenza Virus Replication via Inhibition of Autophagy

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13071350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1350

Author(s):

Seong-Ryeol Kim ◽

Myeong-Seon Jeong ◽

Seo-Hyeon Mun ◽

Jaewon Cho ◽

Min-Duk Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Influenza A ◽

Time Course ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Early Stages ◽

Infected Cells

Influenza viruses cause respiratory infections in humans and animals, which have high morbidity and mortality rates. Although several drugs that inhibit viral neuraminidase are used to treat influenza infections, the emergence of resistant viruses necessitates the urgent development of new antiviral drugs. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid that exhibits antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (EV71) by inhibiting viral 3C protease activity. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of chrysin against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8). Chrysin significantly inhibited A/PR/8-mediated cell death and the replication of A/PR/8 at concentrations up to 2 mM. Viral hemagglutinin expression was also markedly decreased by the chrysin treatment in A/PR/8-infected cells. Through the time course experiment and time-of-addition assay, we found that chrysin inhibited viral infection at the early stages of the replication cycle. Additionally, the nucleoprotein expression of A/PR/8 in A549 cells was reduced upon treatment with chrysin. Regarding the mechanism of action, we found that chrysin inhibited autophagy activation by increasing the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We also confirmed a decrease in LC3B expression and LC3-positive puncta levels in A/PR/8-infected cells. These results suggest that chrysin exhibits antiviral activity by activating mTOR and inhibiting autophagy to inhibit the replication of A/PR/8 in the early stages of infection.

Download Full-text

Elucidation on the Physicochemical Properties of Potential and Clinically Approved Antiviral Drugs: A Search for Effective Therapies against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.14.spl1.41 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1025-1034

Author(s):

Derick Erl P. Sumalapao

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Heavy Atom ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Principal Component ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Medical Emergency ◽

Drug Candidates ◽

Additional Information

COVID-19 has been confirmed in millions of individuals worldwide, rendering it a global medical emergency. In the absence of vaccines and the unavailability of effective drugs for the SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine development is being continuously explored and several antiviral compounds and immunotherapies are currently being investigated. Given the high similarity in genetic identity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the present investigation identified the interaction between the physicochemical properties and the antiviral activity of different potential and clinically approved antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV using hierarchically weighted principal component analysis. Representative drugs from the classes of neuraminidase inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, and other compounds with potential antiviral activity were examined. The pharmacologic classification and the biological activity of the different antiviral drugs were described using indices, namely, rotatable bond count, molecular weight, heavy atom count, and molecular complexity (92.32% contribution rate). The physicochemical properties and inhibitory action against SARS-CoV-2 of lopinavir, chloroquine, ivermectin, and ciclesonide validated the adequacy of the current computational approach. The findings of the present study provide additional information, although further investigation is warranted to identify potential targets and establish exact mechanisms, in the emergent search and design of antiviral drug candidates and their subsequent synthesis as effective therapies for COVID-19.

Download Full-text

Arginine-rich histones have strong antiviral activity for influenza A viruses

Innate Immunity ◽

10.1177/1753425915593794 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 736-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Marloes Hoeksema ◽

Shweta Tripathi ◽

Mitchell White ◽

Li Qi ◽

Jeffery Taubenberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Strong Antiviral Activity

Download Full-text

Antiviral Effects of Plant Extracts Used in the Treatment of Important Animal Viral Diseases

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2021.wvj67 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 521-533

Author(s):

Gamil Sayed Gamil Zeedan ◽

Abeer Mostafa Abdalhamed

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Antiviral Compounds ◽

Antiviral Activities

The goal of this review was to highlight some plant species that have significant antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo although more research is needed to address safety issues, drug interactions, and the possibility of using them in combination with other natural products. Viral infection plays an important role in human and animal diseases. Although there have been advances in immunization and antiviral drugs, there is still a lack of protective vaccines and effective antiviral drugs in human and veterinary medicine. The lack of effective antivirals necessitates the search for new effective antiviral compounds. Plants are naturally gifted at synthesizing antiviral compounds. They are rich sources of phytochemicals with different biological activities, including antiviral activities as a result of advanced analytical chemistry, standard virus assays, and development of standardization and extraction methods. Plant extracts have a wide variety of active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, sulphides, polyphenolics, coumarins, saponins, furyl compounds, alkaloids, polyines, thiophenes, proteins, and peptides. Moreover, certain volatile oils have indicated a high level of antiviral activity. Replication, assembly, and release, as well as targeting virus host-specific interactions capable of inhibiting several viruses, could help the development of broad-spectrum antivirals for the prevention and control of viral pathogens. The in vitro antiviral activities of Erythroxylum deciduum, Lacistema hasslerianum (chodat), Xylopia aromatica, Heteropteris aphrodisiaca, Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree), Lippia graveolens (Guettarda angelica (Velvetseed), Prunus myrtifolia, and Symphyopappus plant extracts can inhibite viral replication, and interfer with the early stages of viral adsorption of DNA viruses. However, Boesenbergia rotunda plant extracts have inhibited RNA viruses. A potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor with B. rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells.

Download Full-text

Nanoemulsion-Based Antiviral Drug Therapy

10.4018/978-1-7998-8378-4.ch009 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 194-212

Author(s):

Halima M. ◽

Ihsana Banu Ishthiaq ◽

Sneha Unnikrishnan ◽

Karthikeyan Ramalingam

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Therapy ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

High Variability ◽

B Virus ◽

Strong Antiviral Activity ◽

Animation System

Nanoemulsions are an attractive approach for the delivery of antiviral drugs in the treatment of various viral infections. Nanoemulsions are easy to plan and develop, and their components exhibit high variability. Nanoemulsion system and its components have certain biophysical properties which could increase the efficacy of drug therapy. Pulmonary surfactant (PS)-assisted antiviral drug delivery by nanoemulsion system could be another effective approach for the treatment of COVID-19. Antiviral drug delivery of nebulization using an animation system could increase the efficacy of antiviral drug against COVID-19. Ginkgo biloba polyprenol nanoemulsion was also found to be stable, non-toxic, and had strong antiviral activity against influenza A H3N2 and hepatitis B virus in vitro. Nanoemulsion systems possess certain properties that make their system suitable for drug delivery by mobilization and hence would be promising systems for therapeutics in the future.

Download Full-text

A Review of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activity Available in Bangladesh and Mechanistic Insight Into Their Bioactive Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.732891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Sitesh C. Bachar ◽

Kishor Mazumder ◽

Ritesh Bachar ◽

Asma Aktar ◽

Mamun Al Mahtab

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Oleanolic Acid ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

In Silico ◽

Hepatitis Virus ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Antiviral Activities

Currently, viral infection is the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of death globally. Many viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus, human papilloma virus and so others. Furthermore, the toxicities and ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral drugs have reinforced the search of effective and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of in silico investigations. Besides, numerous in silico, in vitro, and in vivo bioassays have been demonstrated that EGCG, anolignan-A, and B, ajoene, curcumin, and oleanolic acid exhibit anti-HIV activity while piperine, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, (+)-cycloolivil-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin, EGCG, kaempferol, aloin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, andrographolide, and hesperidin possess anti-HBV activity. Thus, the antiviral medicinal plants and the isolated bioactive compounds may be considered for further advanced investigations with the aim of the development of effective and affordable antiviral drugs.

Download Full-text