scholarly journals Fatty Acids and Their Metal Salts: A Review of Their Infrared Spectra in Light of Their Presence in Cultural Heritage

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 6005
Author(s):  
Anna Filopoulou ◽  
Sophia Vlachou ◽  
Stamatis C. Boyatzis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Zinc Salts ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Metal Soaps ◽  
Archaeological Objects ◽  
Organic Remains

In a cultural heritage context, fatty acids are usually found as breakdown products of lipid-containing organic remains in archaeological findings, binders in aged oil paintings, and additives in modern art-related materials. They may further interact with the ionic environment transforming into metal soaps, a process that has been recognized as a threat in aged paintings but has received less attention in archaeological objects. The investigation of the above related categories of materials with infrared spectroscopy can provide an overall picture of the organic components’ identity and demonstrate their condition and prehistory. The capability of investigating and distinguishing fatty acids and their metal soaps through their rich infrared features, such as the acidic carbonyl, the carboxylate shifts, the variable splits of alkyl chain stretching, bending, twisting, wagging, and rocking vibrations, as well as the hydroxyl peak envelopes and acid dimer bands, allows for their direct detailed characterization. This paper reviews the infrared spectra of selected saturated fatty monoacids and diacids, and their corresponding sodium, calcium, and zinc salts and, supported by newly recorded data, highlights the significance of their spectroscopic features.

scholarly journals The influence of commercial primed canvases in the manifestation of metal soaps protrusions in Georgia O’Keeffe’s oil paintings

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette S. Ortiz Miranda ◽  
Dale Kronkright ◽  
Marc Walton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Metal Carboxylates ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Georgia O'keeffe ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Metal Soaps

Abstract During a routine condition survey in 2007 at the Georgia O’Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, micro-protrusions were found scattered across the surfaces of the artist’s oil paintings produced between 1920 and 1950. In many of her works, including Pedernal (1941) and A Man from the Desert (1941), lead soaps were found aggregated at the painting surface, forcing the surrounding paint to deform into pin-sized protrusions. The structure and composition of the protrusions was analyzed to determine why they formed. Microsamples were removed from four of O’Keeffe’s paintings and investigated using a combination of SEM–EDX, GC–MS, and FT-IR. The combined GC–MS and FT-IR results indicate that the protrusions contain primarily lead carboxylates. The results obtained for a series of ground samples removed from four different paintings were then compared with samples collected from a commercially pre-primed canvas roll found in the artist’s house in Ghost Ranch, NM. We identified two different types of canvases: i) a commercially pre-primed canvas and ii) artist primed canvas. This commercially pre-primed canvas roll has a similar morphology to the ground layers in her paintings that contain protrusions additionally these grounds were found to contain an excess of free fatty acids and metal carboxylates (lead soaps) based on a comparison to canvases the artist primed herself. Based on the analytical results from the four paintings and the commercial pre-primed canvas, we concluded that the artist’s use of this particular commercially pre-primed canvas between 1920 and 1950 play an important role in the observed micro-protrusions.

scholarly journals Cultural heritage science at CNA (seville, Spain): Applications of XRF and IBA techniques to art and archaeological objects.

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 108324 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Ager ◽  
M.A. Respaldiza ◽  
S. Scrivano ◽  
I. Ortega-Feliu ◽  
A. Kriznar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Heritage Science ◽  
Archaeological Objects

Quantum mechanical simulations of near-infrared spectra of biomolecules – Long-chain fatty acids

NIR news ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof B Beć ◽  
Justyna Grabska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Near Infrared Spectra ◽  
Technical Article ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Exact and in-depth interpretation of near-infrared spectra has often appeared problematic in any case stepping beyond the simplest molecules. The inherent complexity of near-infrared spectra due to the abundance of combination modes and the resulting extensive band overlay frequently limits our comprehension of the spectral bands to vague wavenumber regions in which certain modes likely appear. Coincidently, quantum mechanical simulation of spectra which could offer momentous support in solving such problems has rather been rare in the case of near-infrared region due to practical limitations. Recent years have seen a trending development of accurate and affordable methods of near-infrared spectra simulation. A trend in modelling increasingly complex molecules can be noticed reaching even fairly large biomolecules. In this technical article we overview the most recent accomplishments in the field on the example of long-chain fatty acids and their cyclic dimers, which extend beyond 100 atoms.

Old lime kilns buried in Val Chavagl (Swiss National Parc)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irka Hajdas ◽  
Christian Schlüchter ◽  
Ruedi Haller ◽  
Kurt Nicolussi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Lime Kilns ◽  
Residual Material ◽  
Organic Remains

<p>Mass movements in the mountains can result in some unexpected discoveries. On September 10, 2017, strikingly white components were found in the western slope of the Val Chavagl, Swiss national Parc. The first inspection identified this as residual material of a lime kiln. Strikingly, the remains of the lime kiln were stuck in the slope, i.e., they were part of the material that built up the scarp and were not merely attached or transported from above. The rest of an old, former lime kiln is part of the terrace. Vast amounts of sediment covered this lime kiln following a storm around the Munt Chavagl - Munt la Schera.</p><p>Of interest to the studies of past and most recent mass movements and catastrophic flooding is the timing of the operation and destruction. The age of the lime kiln can be estimated based on historical documents and inventory of lime kilns in the region, where the oldest known so far dates to 1560 CE (Parolini 2012). No charcoal was found in the remains of the newly discovered lime kiln; therefore, another approach was proposed i.e., dating organic remains embedded in deposits of catastrophic flooding. Larch trees, which were discovered at 1840 -1860 m asl, allowed for dendrochronology and radiocarbon analysis. The results obtained indicate that the trees died in the mid 17th century, at the latest. Moreover, our chronology sets Terminus ante quem TAQ for the construction and operation of the lime kiln. Our results are relevant for understanding natural hazards as well as reconstruction and protection of cultural heritage in the region of the Swiss National Parc.</p><p> </p><p>Parolini, J.D., 2012. Vom Kahlschlag zum Naturreservat: Geschichte der Waldnutzung im Gebiet des Schweizerischen Nationalparks. Haupt.</p>

scholarly journals The crystallization of metal soaps and fatty acids in oil paint model systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 10896-10905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joen J. Hermans ◽  
Katrien Keune ◽  
Annelies van Loon ◽  
Piet D. Iedema
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crystallization Kinetics ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Oil Painting ◽  
Metal Soaps ◽  
Kinetics Of

We have studied the solubility and crystallization kinetics of metal soaps and fatty acids in linseed oil to help understand an important issue in oil painting conservation.

X-ray powder diffraction data for selected metal soaps

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claude Corbeil ◽  
Laurianne Robinet
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Zinc Stearate ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Soaps

In order to better characterize metal soaps found in paint films or on metal surfaces, several metal soaps were synthesized and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns measured. Metal soaps were obtained from four different fatty acids found in drying oils, two saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and two unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids), and from copper, zinc, and lead, three metals that are typically found in metal alloys and paint systems. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for the following compounds: palmitic acid, stearic acid, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc linoleate, copper palmitate, copper stearate, copper oleate, lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead oleate. Features that are characteristic of specific compounds were observed. Soaps obtained from different fatty acids with the same metal ion show differences, as do soaps obtained with the same fatty acid but with different metal ions. Differences were observed when X-ray powder diffraction data obtained for stearic acid and zinc stearate were compared to published data for these two compounds (PDF 38-1923 and 5-0079, respectively). In the case of stearic acid, differences could be explained by the fact that the specimen reported previously in PDF 38-1923 was likely contaminated with palmitic acid. In the case of zinc stearate, low angle data were missing from the original pattern PDF 5-0079 and peaks that were reported in other angular regions in fact consisted in more peaks that were not resolved due to broadening.

scholarly journals Pemetaan batuan penyusun candi di bawah permukaan berdasarkan metode geomagnetik studi kasus: cagar budaya candi Songgiriti desa Songgokerto kecamatan Batu kota Batu

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Agus Riyanto ◽  
Siti Zulaikah ◽  
Daeng Achmad Suaidi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Local Magnetic Field ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Magnetometer Data ◽  
Archaeological Objects

The geomagnetic method is often used in petroleum, geothermal and mineral exploration and can be applied to searching prospect archaeological objects (Siahaan, 2009). Several studies has been used the geomagnetic method to seek for archaeological objects by Ariani (2012) in Losari Temples and Sismanto et al (1997) in Kedulan Temple. In Batu City there is one of the cultural heritage that have not been intact called Songgoriti Temple. So, in this research we expected the existence of temple’s rocks using geomagnetic method. The de sign of the research using geomagnetic methods begins with the study of litera ture. This research was conducted with two methods there is calculating the val ue of the magnetic susceptibility of samples Temple’s rock using Bartington Susceptibility Meter MS2B and retrieving data field using the Proton magneto meter type ENVI SCINTREX. In the end of this research, we accepted the re sults of the two methods were compared to find out the site rock of temple. In magnetometer data analysis, data is processed using Magpick software, surfer 9.0 software and Mag2dc software. The results of the research show that a local magnetic field patterns of rocks in the area of cultural heritage Songgoriti Tem ple is divided into three parts namely high local magnetic field (yellow to red), the moderate local magnetic field (green to yellow) and low local magnetic field (blue). Furthermore based on five cross-sectional modeling using Mag2dc, we obtained the prediction the site of temple Songgoriti that is the sample number 1 found on the 2 position i.e at coordinates 49S 664547.5m 9130115m and coor dinate 49S 664585m 9130105m; sample number 3 found on the 2 position i.e at coordinates 49S 664583m 9130100m and coordinate 49S 664585m 9130100m; sample number 4 found on the 2 position i.e. at coordinates 49S 664577.5m 9130115m and coordinate 49S 664577.5m 9130110m; sample number 5 found on the 3 position i.e. at coordinates 49S 664566m 9130095m, coordinates 49S 664573m 9130095m and coordinate 49S 664582.5 m 9130095m; sample num ber 6 is found in 5 position i.e. at coordinates 49S 664545.5 m 9130110m, coordinates 49S 664550m 9130110m, coordinates 49S 664546m 9130105m, coordinates 49S 664565m 9130105m and coordinates 49S 664562.5 m 9130100m. For sample number 2 that is not found at all in the five models cross section. This may be caused by the value of the magnetic susceptibility sample number 2 is minor when compared to another samples that is 0.86 x 10-6 m3/kg

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