In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.

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Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Phymatopteris hastata

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc101111130s ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 76 (11) ◽

pp. 1485-1496 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wei Su ◽

Peiyuan Li ◽

Lini Huo ◽

Caiying Wu ◽

Nana Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Alcohol Extract

Various solvent extracts of Phymatopteris hastata, a traditional Chinese medicinal material, were screened for their antioxidant activities. Four systems of in vitro testing were employed to investigate the antiradical and antioxidant effect, i.e., the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) systems, the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and the reducing power. In addition, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a widely used synthetic antioxidant, was also studied for comparison. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited outstanding antioxidant activities, which was close or even superior to BHT. Furthermore, the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of different extracts were measured, expressed as gallic acid and rutin equivalent, respectively. The antioxidant activities and the TP/TF content of different extracts followed the same order: ethyl acetate extract > butyl alcohol extract > petroleum ether extract, showing a good correlation between the antioxidant activities and the TP/TF content. The results showed that these extracts, especially the ethyl acetate extract, were rich in phenolics and flavonoids and could be considered as natural antioxidants.

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Bioactivities of Water Extract and Essential Oil from the Mace of Myristica fragrans Houtt

YARSI Medical Journal ◽

10.33476/jky.v26i2.584 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 099

Author(s):

Adit Widodo Santoso ◽

Adelina Simamora ◽

Kris Herawan Timotius ◽

Kris Herawan Timotius

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Myristica Fragrans

Myristica fragrans Houtt (nutmeg) is used as a spice and flavour for food and beverages. It has been traditionally used to treat a number of medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus. The study was undertaken to scientifically validate the traditional use of mace from M. Fragrans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of water extract (WE) and essential oil (EO) from M. fragrans mace. Both WE and EO were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro and their antioxidant activities based on DPPH radical scavenging assay. Standard compounds were used for every test. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both extracts were also determined. The extracts were also tested for their antibacterial activities against six different bacteria by a well diffusion method. Both extracts showed inhibition activities against α-glucosidase, with WE showed stronger activity than EO (IC50 = 1.86 and 8.15 mg/ml). Good radical scavenging activities were observed for both extracts, with WE showed stronger activity than EO (IC50 = 1.51 and 4.59 mg/ml). WE showed higher content in phenolic than EO (47.84 and 37.21 mg GAE/100 g DW). Flavonoid content in WE was also higher than EO (215.36 and 30.12 mg RE/ml). Based on the well diffusion method, only EO exhibited antibacterial activities, with inhibition zone in the range 1.03 – 1.30 mm. The strongest activity was observed against Staphylococcus mutans. The results indicate WE and EO can be exploited further for pharmacological uses, in particular for their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

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Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Sarcocarp of Cotoneaster multiflorus

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/4619768 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiangping Liu ◽

Jia Jia ◽

Xuemin Jing ◽

Guoliang Li

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Water Fraction

The ethanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract of Cotoneaster multiflorus sarcocarp was sequentially fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, and ethyl acetate. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavones, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the five parts (including the ethanol-water extract) were determined. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation decolorization, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were conducted to test the antioxidant activities of Sample 1 (the ethanol-water fraction) and Sample 2 (the ethyl acetate fraction) in vitro. In the above five assays, Sample 2 showed greater antioxidant capacities than Sample 1. Furthermore, Sample 2 was better able to protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The test results show that C. multiflorus sarcocarp, especially the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

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Free radical-scavenging capacity, antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Pouzolzia zeylanica

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc100818063l ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 709-717 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Peiyuan Li ◽

Lini Huo ◽

Wei Su ◽

Rumei Lu ◽

Chaocheng Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Soxhlet Extraction ◽

Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Pouzolzia zeylanica was extracted with different solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether), using different protocols (cold-extraction and Soxhlet extraction). To evaluate the antiradical and antioxidant abilities of the extracts, four in vitro test systems were employed, i.e., DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and a reducing power assay. All extracts exhibited outstanding antioxidant activities that were superior to that of butylated hydroxytoluene. The ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the most significant antioxidant activities, and cold-extraction under stirring seemed to be the more efficacious method for acquiring the predominant antioxidants. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities and total phenolic (TP) content of different extracts followed the same order, i.e., there is a good correlation between antioxidant activities and TP content. The results showed that these extracts, especially the ethyl acetate extracts, could be considered as natural antioxidants and may be useful for curing diseases arising from oxidative deterioration.

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Antioxidant activities of methanolic extract and its fractions of Baccaurea racemosa and Macaranga subpeltata leaves

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Widodo ◽

Sismindari ◽

W. Asmara ◽

Abdul Rohman

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Food Supplement ◽

Positive Control ◽

The Body ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Water Fraction

Oxidative stress, the excessive presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is suggested as a basal cause of aging as well as various degenerative and chronic diseases in human. Antioxidants are believed to play a very vital role in the body defense system against ROS. Plant-based antioxidants with their prominence have gained tremendous worldwide interest nowadays. Baccaurea racemosa and Macaraanga subpeltata are among ethnomedical used plants for liver diseases medication which have potential source as natural antioxidants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the methanolic crude extract (CE) and their fractions of the plant’s leaves. Maceration was performed to obtain CE, which then subjected to fractionation using n-hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol to obtain fractions of hexane fraction (HF), dichloromethane (DF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and ethanol fractions (EF), respectively. The CE and all fractions included water fraction (WF) and residue (R) were examined for its total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities using various in vitro assay. In general, EAF demonstrated as the best solvent for the extracting phenolic compounds with higher antioxidant activity. The CE and its fractions of M. subpeltata contained higher of TPC and TFC, also demonstrated higher antioxidant capacity, than that B. racemosa. The phenolics compounds were responsible for the antiradical properties. The EAF of M. subpeltata was scavenging those radicals better than that of L-(+)ascorbic acid as a positive control. The high antioxidant activities and phenolics contents make both the plant extracts to be developed as a food supplement.

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In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Ruta montana L. Extracts

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v10i2.3919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 69-75

Author(s):

Mounira Merghem ◽

Saliha Dahamna

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Chloroform Extract ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Ruta Montana ◽

Β Carotene

The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities of Ruta montana L. extracts. This activity was evaluated by three methods : DPPH (2, 2'-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazy), bleaching of β-carotene and chelation of ferrous iron. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract (EAE) represents the highest amount of total polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids with 257,1 ± 0,703µg gallic acid equivalent/mg of extract, 251 ± 1.41 µg tannic acid equivalent /mg of extract,117,4 ± 3,451 µg quercetin equivalents/mg of extract, 139,5 ± 4,107 µg rutin equivalents/mg of extract, respectively. In the DPPH assay, ethyl acetate extract showed the higher scavenging capacity (IC50 = 0.044 ± 0.001 mg/ml) followed by methanol, aqueous and chloroform extract. Whereas, AqE showed the best chelating effect and the best inhibitory capacity of the coupled oxidation of linoleic acid/ β-carotene. Keywords: Ruta montana L; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; free radical scavenging.

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Phytochemical Characterization and Solvent Fraction Depending in vitro Antioxidant Activities of Cassia absus, Gymnema sylvestre, Nigella sativa and Piper nigrum

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.21.2.8418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 38-49

Author(s):

Bilal Aslam ◽

Asif Hussain

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Gymnema Sylvestre ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Methanol Extracts

This study was aimed to phytochemically characterize and assess the antioxidant activities of 70% methanol extract and subsequent fractions of Cassia absus (L.) seeds, Gymnema sylvestre (L.) whole plant, Nigella sativa (L.) seeds, and Piper nigrum (L.) seeds. Powdered plant materials were extracted with 70% methanol and further fractionated with ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and the residual aqueous fraction. Phytochemical analysis was performed to detect different phytocompounds. Mineral compositions were quantified, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant potential of methanol extracts and fractions was assessed in vitro through estimating DPPH radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities and reducing power assay. Extraction yields ranging highest of N. sativa methanol extract (30.42�1.49%) and lowest of P. nigrum ethyl-acetate fraction (4.58�0.61%) were obtained. Results revealed that methanol extracts and fractions of selected plants contain phytocompounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrates, fats and fixed oils. The mineral analysis showed considerable quantities of calcium (C. absus methanol extract: 372.454�3.633 mg/100g), magnesium (G. sylvestre methanol extract: 131.045�1.346 mg/100g), and zinc (N. sativa methanol extract: 36.019�0.284 mg/100 g) in all fractions while minor quantities of manganese, copper and cobalt were also found. Methanol extracts showed considerably higher total phenolic (N. sativa methanol extract: 179.71�2.14 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (N. sativa methanol extract: 189.18�3.17 mg CE/g) contents compared to other fractions, and subsequently exhibited pronounced scavenging activities on DPPH* (N. sativa methanol extract: 23.8 �g/mL) and superoxide radicals (N. sativa methanol extract: 24.9 �g/mL) and had potent reductive abilities (N. sativa methanol extract: 1.123�0.038 O.D.). Conclusively, C. absus, G. sylvestre, N. sativa and P. nigrum possess significant nutritive properties and could be used as natural antioxidant sources to prevent oxidative stress-associated diseases.

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ISOLATION AND ACTIVITY ANTIOXIDANT TEST OF COCOA POD HUSK ETHYL ASETAT EXTRACTS (Theobroma cacao L)

Jurnal Natural ◽

10.24815/jn.v19i2.12568 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 49-53

Author(s):

Binawati Ginting ◽

Ilham Maulana ◽

Nurdin Saidi ◽

Syarifah Yanti Astryna

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Column Chromatography ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Positive Control ◽

Active Components ◽

Strong Activity ◽

Vitamine C ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Isolation and testing of antioxidant activity with1,1-difenil-2-pikril hidrazil (DPPH) from ethyl acetate extract ofcocoa pod husk(Theobroma cacao L) has been carried out.Theobroma cacaoextract (TCE) showed highly strong antioxidant activity with IC50 = 8,75 ppm and vitamine C = 6,07 ppm as positive control. Isolation of the active components of TCE by column chromatography using silica gel absorbent 60 mesh ASTM (Merck 774) and the eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1), obtained 7 fraction combined (TCE 1 to TCE 7). There are 6 combined fractions having the potential as antioxidants, namely TCE 2 to TCE 7 with a range of IC50 (6,46 ppm – 91,8 ppm). TCE 2 fraction has a very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 = 6,46 ppm. Separation of TCE 2 fraction on silica column chromatography obtained 4 combined fractions (TCE 2.1 to TCE 2.4). The test results of antioxidant activity showed that TCE 2.4 had very strong activity with IC50 = 42,7 ppm.For the TCE 2.2 fraction, preparative TLC was carried out using eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9.5: 0,5) obtained by TCE 2.2.4 isolate with a melting point of 114-120 °C and was a steroid class.

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In vitro Antioxidant Properties of Bersama abyssinica Stem Bark Extracts

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019040021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan ◽

Kouadio Bene ◽

Abdurrahman Aktumsek ◽

Gokhan Zengin

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Bersama Abyssinica

Bersama abyssinica, belonging to the Melianthaceae family, is distributed across Sub Saharan Africa. Decoctions of the bark, leaves, and roots of B. abyssinica have been extensively used in traditional medicine to manage many stomach complications such as colic, diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal worms. In this study, we examined three extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) obtained from B. abyssinica stem barks in terms of antioxidant properties. The antioxidant abilities were investigated by different chemical methods, including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum assay. In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts were calculated. The highest level of phenolics was determined in water extract (230.83 mg GAE/g extract), followed by methanol (216.79 mg GAE/g extract) and ethyl acetate (100.57 mg GAE/g extract). In same line with total phenolic content, the best antioxidant properties were noted for water and methanol extracts. Our findings suggested that B. abyssinica stem bark extracts could be considered as promising sources of natural antioxidants.

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Karakteristik Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Perbandingan Bahan dengan Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i02.p06 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Ni Kadek Yeni Dwipayanti ◽

G.P. Ganda Putra ◽

Lutfi Suhendra

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Random Design ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Extract Yield ◽

Two Factors ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa pod husk is a waste of cocoa processing that is large enough and has not been used optimally. Cocoa pod husk waste can be used more optimally by extracting polyphenols compounds and used as natural antioxidants. This research aims to determine the effect of comparison of materials with solvents and maceration time against cocoa pod husk extracts as a source of antioxidants as well as to determine the material comparison with the solvent and the best maceration time for produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants. The study uses a random design of a group of two factors. The first factor is the comparison of materials with solvents consisting of 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20. The second factor is the maceration time consisting of 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data was analyzed its diversity and continued with the Tukey test. The results of the study showed a comparison of material with solvent and maceration time was very influential to the yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa pod husk extract. The interaction between treatment is very influential on the total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but has no effect on the cocoa pod husk extract yield. The best treatment to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidant is the comparison of materials with solvent 1:20 and maceration time for 48 hours with a yield characteristic 3.10 ± 0.36 percent, total phenolic at 146.67 ± 5.14 mg GAE/g and antioxidant capacity 97.00 ± 2.22 mg GAEAC/g. Keywords: cocoa pod husk extract, comparison of materials with solvents, maceration time, antioxidant.

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