scholarly journals Metal-Based Nanomaterials: Work as Drugs and Carriers against Viral Infections

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2129
Author(s):  
Junlei Yang ◽  
Lihuan Yue ◽  
Zhu Yang ◽  
Yuqing Miao ◽  
Ruizhuo Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Metal Nanomaterials ◽  
Synthetic Metal

Virus infection is one of the threats to the health of organisms, and finding suitable antiviral agents is one of the main tasks of current researchers. Metal ions participate in multiple key reaction stages of organisms and maintain the important homeostasis of organisms. The application of synthetic metal-based nanomaterials as an antiviral therapy is a promising new research direction. Based on the application of synthetic metal-based nanomaterials in antiviral therapy, we summarize the research progress of metal-based nanomaterials in recent years. This review analyzes the three inhibition pathways of metal nanomaterials as antiviral therapeutic materials against viral infections, including direct inactivation, inhibition of virus adsorption and entry, and intracellular virus suppression; it further classifies and summarizes them according to their inhibition mechanisms. In addition, the use of metal nanomaterials as antiviral drug carriers and vaccine adjuvants is summarized. The analysis clarifies the antiviral mechanism of metal nanomaterials and broadens the application in the field of antiviral therapy.

scholarly journals Study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs (umifenovir, triazavirin) against acute respiratory viral infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
E P Tikhonova ◽  
T Yu Kuz'mina ◽  
N V Andronova ◽  
O A Tyushevskaya ◽  
T A Elistratova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

Aim. Comparative study of clinical efficacy and safety of antiviral drug triazavirin and umifenovir in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. Methods. The study included 100 patients aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with moderate acute respiratory viral infection. Group 1 included 34 patients receiving umifenovir 200 mg 4 times a day for 5 days, and comparison group included 32 patients who received triazavirin 1 capsule (250 mg) 3 times a day for 5 days. Group 3 (control group) included 34 patients not treated with antiviral therapy. Efficacy and safety of the studied antiviral drugs were evaluated based on clinical symptoms in the disease course and were confirmed by adaptive reactions of the organism. Results. Among patients receiving triazavirin, recovery time and fever, headache and catarrhal syndrome resolution time were less than among patients who received umifenovir. On triazavirin treatment with favorable tolerability, symptomatic medications (antipyretics) were discontinued, and the duration of their use was less, than in patients receiving umifenovir. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of umifenovir and triazavirin for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza demonstrated that the drugs effectively reverse the main symptoms of the disease (p <0.05), reduce complications incidence (18.1±2.1% vs. 55.9±3.2%, p <0.05) and contribute to the stabilization of adaptive reactions of the organism in contrast to the results of patients not receiving etiotropic therapy (6.9±2.9% vs. 12.8±2.7, p <0.05). During the use of umifenovir by day 4 and during the use of triazavirin by day 3 intoxication and catarrhal syndromes had been reversed, while in case of the absence of antiviral therapy, 55.8% of patients had continuing intoxication and catarrhal symptoms. Conclusion. The results of the study allow defining umifenovir and triazavirin as the first line of defense against acute respiratory viral infections with good efficacy and tolerability of the drugs.

Antiviral Drug Targets of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses Causing Chronic Human Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhurvas Chandrasekaran Dinesh ◽  
Selvaraj Tamilarasan ◽  
Kaushik Rajaram ◽  
Evžen Bouřa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses associated with chronic diseases in humans are major threats to public health causing high mortality globally. The high mutation rate of RNA viruses helps them to escape the immune response and also is responsible for the development of drug resistance. Chronic infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV) lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatocellular carcinoma respectively, which are one of the major causes of human deaths. Effective preventative measures to limit chronic and re-emerging viral infections are absolutely necessary. Each class of antiviral agents targets a specific stage in the viral life cycle and inhibits them from its development and proliferation. Most often, antiviral drugs target a specific viral protein, therefore only a few broad-spectrum drugs are available. This review will be focused on the selected viral target proteins of pathogenic viruses containing single-stranded (ss) RNA genome that causes chronic infections in humans (e.g. HIV, HCV, Flaviviruses). In the recent past, an exponential increase in the number of available three-dimensional protein structures (>150000 in Protein Data Bank), allowed us to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of protein targets and antivirals. Advancements in the in silico approaches paved the way to design and develop several novels, highly specific small-molecule inhibitors targeting the viral proteins.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Camphene Derivatives against Different Types of Viruses

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2235
Author(s):  
Anastasiya S. Sokolova ◽  
Valentina P. Putilova ◽  
Olga I. Yarovaya ◽  
Anastasiya V. Zybkina ◽  
Ekaterina D. Mordvinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Hantaan Virus

To date, the ‘one bug-one drug’ approach to antiviral drug development cannot effectively respond to the constant threat posed by an increasing diversity of viruses causing outbreaks of viral infections that turn out to be pathogenic for humans. Evidently, there is an urgent need for new strategies to develop efficient antiviral agents with broad-spectrum activities. In this paper, we identified camphene derivatives that showed broad antiviral activities in vitro against a panel of enveloped pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), Ebola virus (EBOV), and the Hantaan virus. The lead-compound 2a, with pyrrolidine cycle in its structure, displayed antiviral activity against influenza virus (IC50 = 45.3 µM), Ebola pseudotype viruses (IC50 = 0.12 µM), and authentic EBOV (IC50 = 18.3 µM), as well as against pseudoviruses with Hantaan virus Gn-Gc glycoprotein (IC50 = 9.1 µM). The results of antiviral activity studies using pseudotype viruses and molecular modeling suggest that surface proteins of the viruses required for the fusion process between viral and cellular membranes are the likely target of compound 2a. The key structural fragments responsible for efficient binding are the bicyclic natural framework and the nitrogen atom. These data encourage us to conduct further investigations using bicyclic monoterpenoids as a scaffold for the rational design of membrane-fusion targeting inhibitors.

scholarly journals Nanomaterials Designed for Antiviral Drug Delivery Transport across Biological Barriers

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina-Daniela Cojocaru ◽  
Doru Botezat ◽  
Ioannis Gardikiotis ◽  
Cristina-Mariana Uritu ◽  
Gianina Dodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Viral infections are a major global health problem, representing a significant cause of mortality with an unfavorable continuously amplified socio-economic impact. The increased drug resistance and constant viral replication have been the trigger for important studies regarding the use of nanotechnology in antiviral therapies. Nanomaterials offer unique physico-chemical properties that have linked benefits for drug delivery as ideal tools for viral treatment. Currently, different types of nanomaterials namely nanoparticles, liposomes, nanospheres, nanogels, nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions were studied either in vitro or in vivo for drug delivery of antiviral agents with prospects to be translated in clinical practice. This review highlights the drug delivery nanosystems incorporating the major antiviral classes and their transport across specific barriers at cellular and intracellular level. Important reflections on nanomedicines currently approved or undergoing investigations for the treatment of viral infections are also discussed. Finally, the authors present an overview on the requirements for the design of antiviral nanotherapeutics.

scholarly journals Antiviral Compounds from Myxobacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Mulwa ◽  
Marc Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Spectrum Activity

Viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) pose an ongoing threat to human health due to the lack of effective therapeutic agents. The re-emergence of old viral diseases such as the recent Ebola outbreaks in West Africa represents a global public health issue. Drug resistance and toxicity to target cells are the major challenges for the current antiviral agents. Therefore, there is a need for identifying agents with novel modes of action and improved efficacy. Viral-based illnesses are further aggravated by co-infections, such as an HIV patient co-infected with HBV or HCV. The drugs used to treat or manage HIV tend to increase the pathogenesis of HBV and HCV. Hence, novel antiviral drug candidates should ideally have broad-spectrum activity and no negative drug-drug interactions. Myxobacteria are in the focus of this review since they produce numerous structurally and functionally unique bioactive compounds, which have only recently been screened for antiviral effects. This research has already led to some interesting findings, including the discovery of several candidate compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The present review looks at myxobacteria-derived antiviral secondary metabolites.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Agent for Antiviral Drug Delivery Development; A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahda sadat Nasrollahzadeh ◽  
Razieh Ghodsi ◽  
Farzin Hadizadeh ◽  
Mahdi Faal Maleki ◽  
Mohammad Mashreghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Zno Nps

: Viral infection is a worldwide health problem, which has negatively affected global activity in recent years. There is no specific medication for most viral infections, and the treatments are based on symptom management. Nanoparticles (NPs) in recent years have shown promising antibacterial and antiviral properties, among which metal oxide NPs have shown superiority. In the present study, we aimed to systematically review all available literature supporting the efficiency of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs in the treatment of viral infections. For this purpose, a systematic literature search was performed in scientific literature databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Ovid, Embase, and Google Scholar by using “viral infections”, “antiviral effects,” and “ZnO NPs” in addition to all their equivalent terms as keywords. Due to the lack of human studies, no strict inclusion criteria were defined, and all available relevant literature were included. A total of 14 documents that fully met the inclusion criteria were retrieved and used for data synthesis. The results showed that ZnO NPs, due to some specific physiochemical properties, can be a promising approach in developing antiviral agents and nanovaccines, especially against RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The most probable antiviral mechanistic pathways of ZnO NPs were blocking the virus entry into the cells and deactivation of the virus through virostatic potential. Based on the findings of the included studies, it is suggested that ZnO NPs and other metal oxide-based NPs may be a potential antiviral agent; however, further human studies are required to confirm such efficiency in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections in patients with diabetes mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
I G Sitnikov ◽  
V Kh Fazylov ◽  
E V Silina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Purpose of the study. The study of the influenza and ARVI clinical performance, the development of patients with diabetes mellitus, evaluation of the effectiveness and safety application of antiviral therapy, carried out in the framework of routine clinical practice. Materials and methods. 126 patients aged from 22 to 83 years (27.8% of men) with ARVI or influenza that occurred with medical care during the first 5 days of the disease (60.3% in the first 48 hours) are included. All patients suffer from diabetes, for the treatment of which oral hypoglycemic agents or insulins were constantly taken. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group received standard symptomatic treatment of ARVI; antiviral drug Kagocel. Results and conclusion. Diabetes and other acute respiratory viral infections. There is an increase in the incidence of bacterial complications - 2.2 times, an increase in the frequency of systemic antibiotics - 2.3 times. The purpose of the drug prescription led to a more rapid regression of all the symptoms of influenza and ARVI, but the most striking positive dynamics was observed in the symptoms of general weakness and headache. The prescription of Kagocel was accompanied by a 58% reduction in the number of bacterial complications and a 53% reduction in the use of antibiotics, which led to a reduction in the number of cases of the disease and an improvement in initial diseases, with an frequency increase in 1.8 times. The most significant effect achieved with early treatment and early initiation of antiviral therapy (in the first 48 hours of the disease).

scholarly journals Reporter Replicons for Antiviral Drug Discovery against Positive Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Rafaela S. Fernandes ◽  
Marjorie C. L. C. Freire ◽  
Renata V. Bueno ◽  
Andre S. Godoy ◽  
Laura H. V. G. Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Direct Acting Antivirals ◽  
Virus West Nile ◽  
Screening And Identification ◽  
Direct Acting

Single-stranded positive RNA ((+) ssRNA) viruses include several important human pathogens. Some members are responsible for large outbreaks, such as Zika virus, West Nile virus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, while others are endemic, causing an enormous global health burden. Since vaccines or specific treatments are not available for most viral infections, the discovery of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) is an urgent need. Still, the low-throughput nature of and biosafety concerns related to traditional antiviral assays hinders the discovery of new inhibitors. With the advances of reverse genetics, reporter replicon systems have become an alternative tool for the screening of DAAs. Herein, we review decades of the use of (+) ssRNA viruses replicon systems for the discovery of antiviral agents. We summarize different strategies used to develop those systems, as well as highlight some of the most promising inhibitors identified by the method. Despite the genetic alterations introduced, reporter replicons have been shown to be reliable systems for screening and identification of viral replication inhibitors and, therefore, an important tool for the discovery of new DAAs.

scholarly journals Research Progress in Ordered Nanomaterials via Magnetic Field Induced Preparation

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03029
Author(s):  
Yunhao Liu ◽  
Mingzhe Lv ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Zuyu He ◽  
Chuang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Metal Nanomaterials

Ordered nanomaterials are widely concerned for their excellent performance in mechanics, electricity, optics and magnetism. Magnetic field induced self-assembly is widely used for the preparation of ordered nanomaterials, which has the advantages of indirect contact with the reaction system, controllable adjustment of magnetic field. By using this preparation method, it can realize the alignment of nanomaterials without affecting the comprehensive performance of each component in the system. In this paper, we reviewed magnetic field induced self-assembly of metal nanomaterials, oxide nanomaterials and nanocomposites. We also looked forward to the future research direction.

Benzothiazole moieties and their derivatives as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: A mini-review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3309-3315
Author(s):  
Manahil B Elamin ◽  
Amani Abd Elrazig Salman Abd Elaziz ◽  
Emad Mohamed Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Heterocyclic Chemistry ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Benzothiazole Derivatives ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Pharmaceutical Molecules ◽  
Heterocyclic Moiety

Heterocyclic chemistry has provided an inexhaustible source of pharmaceutical molecules. Heterocyclic compounds such as benzothiazole moieties and its derivatives area substantial class of compounds in pharmaceutical chemistry and exhibited therapeutic capabilities, such as antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anthelmintic and other activities. Besides, some antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin have heterocyclic moiety. The growing prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens represents serious global concern,which requires the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, the emergence of pandemic SARSCoV-2 causing Covid-19 disease and all these health dilemmas urge the scientific community to examine the possible antimicrobial and antiviral capacities of some bioactive benzothiazole derivatives against these severe causative agents.This mini-review highlights some recent scientific literature on different benzothiazole molecules and their derivatives. It turns out that, there are numerous synthesized benzothiazole derivatives which exhibited different mode of actions against microorganisms or viruses and accordingly suggested them as an active candidate in the discovery of new antimicrobial or antiviral agents for clinical development. The recommended bioactive benzothiazole derivatives mentioned in the current study are mainly Schiff bases, azo dyes and metal complexes benzothiazole derivatives; the starting material for most of these derivatives are 2-aminobenzothiazole although careful pharmaceutical studies should be conducted to ensure the safety and efficacy of these bioactive synthesized molecules as an antimicrobial or antiviral drug in the future.

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