The Effect of Annealing Ambience on the Material and Photodetector Characteristics of Sputtered ZnGa2O4 Films

Spinel ZnGa2O4 films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates at the substrate temperature of 400 °C by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Post thermal annealing was employed at the annealing temperature of 700 °C in order to enhance their crystal quality. The effect of thermal annealing on the microstructural and optoelectronic properties of ZnGa2O4 films was systematically investigated in various ambiences, such as air, nitrogen, and oxygen. The X-ray diffraction patterns of annealed ZnGa2O4 films showed the crystalline structure to have (111) crystallographic planes. Transmission electron micrographs verified that ZnGa2O4 film annealed under air ambience possesses a quasi-single-crystalline structure. This ZnGa2O4 film annealed under air ambience exhibited a smooth surface, an excellent average transmittance above 82% in the visible region, and a wide bandgap of 5.05 eV. The oxygen vacancies under different annealing ambiences were revealed a substantial impact on the material and photodetector characteristics by X-ray photoelectron spectrum investigations. ZnGa2O4 film exhibits optimal performance as a metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector when annealed under air ambience. Under these conditions, ZnGa2O4 film exhibits a higher photo/dark current ratio of ~104 order, as well as a high responsivity of 2.53 A/W at the bias of 5 V under an incident optical light of 240 nm. These results demonstrate that quasi-single-crystalline ZnGa2O4 films have significant potential in deep-ultraviolet applications.

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Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide- and ethylene glycol-assisted preparation of mono-dispersed indium oxide nanoparticles using hydrothermal method

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-014-0543-9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Selvakumar Dhanasingh ◽

Dharmaraj Nallasamy ◽

Saravanan Padmanapan ◽

Vinod Padaki

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Hydrothermal Method ◽

Indium Oxide ◽

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hydrothermal Conditions ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Diffraction Patterns

AbstractThe influence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and ethylene glycol on the size and dispersion of indium oxide nanoparticles prepared under hydrothermal conditions was investigated. The precursor compound, indium hydroxide, obtained by the hydrothermal method in the absence as well as the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, was converted to indium oxide by sintering at 400°C. The formation of nanoscale indium oxide upon sintering was ascertained by the characteristic infrared adsorption bands and X-ray diffraction patterns of indium oxide. Transmission electron microscopy and band gap values confirmed that the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide facilitated the formation of indium oxide nanoparticles smaller in size and narrower in distribution than those prepared without the assistance of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

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Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Cu2O Cabbage/RGO Nanocomposites under Visible Light Irradiation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1712

Author(s):

Appusamy Muthukrishnaraj ◽

Salma Ahmed Al-Zahrani ◽

Ahmed Al Otaibi ◽

Semmedu Selvaraj Kalaivani ◽

Ayyar Manikandan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Visible Region ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Dye Pollutants ◽

Transmission Electron

Towards the utilization of Cu2O nanomaterial for the degradation of industrial dye pollutants such as methylene blue and methyl orange, the graphene-incorporated Cu2O nanocomposites (GCC) were developed via a precipitation method. Using Hummers method, the grapheme oxide (GO) was initially synthesized. The varying weight percentages (1–4 wt %) of GO was incorporated along with the precipitation of Cu2O catalyst. Various characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible diffused reflectance (UV-DRS), Raman spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and electro chemical impedance (EIS) were followed for characterization. The cabbage-like morphology of the developed Cu2O and its composites were ascertained from field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). In addition, the growth mechanism was also proposed. The results infer that 2 wt % GO-incorporated Cu2O composites shows the highest value of degradation efficiency (97.9% and 96.1%) for MB and MO at 160 and 220 min, respectively. Further, its catalytic performance over visible region (red shift) was also enhanced to an appreciable extent, when compared with that of other samples.

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2D X-ray diffraction and molecular modelling of the crystalline structure of polyesters under uniaxial stress

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/0967391121998225 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112199822

Author(s):

Ahmed I Abou-Kandil ◽

Gerhard Goldbeck

Keyword(s):

Crystalline Structure ◽

Molecular Modelling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Uniaxial Stress ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Wide Range ◽

Modelling Techniques ◽

Diffraction Patterns

Studying the crystalline structure of uniaxially and biaxially drawn polyesters is of great importance due to their wide range of applications. In this study, we shed some light on the behaviour of PET and PEN under uniaxial stress using experimental and molecular modelling techniques. Comparing experiment with modelling provides insights into polymer crystallisation with extended chains. Experimental x-ray diffraction patterns are reproduced by means of models of chains sliding along the c-axis leading to some loss of three-dimensional order, i.e. moving away from the condition of perfect register of the fully extended chains in triclinic crystals of both PET and PEN. This will help us understand the mechanism of polymer crystallisation under uniaxial stress and the appearance of mesophases in some cases as discussed herein.

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Facile Refluxing Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch14642 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

pp. 1293 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pakvipar Chaopanich ◽

Punnama Siriphannon

Keyword(s):

Crystallite Size ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Single Step ◽

Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Aqueous Mixture ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Microscopy Images

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from an aqueous mixture of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 by a facile single-step refluxing method using polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as a template. The effects of reaction times, pH, and PSS concentration on the HAp formation were investigated. It was found that the crystalline HAp was obtained under all conditions after refluxing the precursors for 3 and 6 h. The longer refluxing time, the greater the crystallinity and the larger the crystallite size of the HAp nanoparticles. The HAp with poor crystallinity was obtained at pH 8.5; however, the well-crystallized HAp was obtained when reaction pH was increased to 9.5 and 10.5. In addition, the X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the presence of PSS template caused the reduction of HAp crystallite size along the (002) plane from 52.6 nm of non-template HAp to 43.4 nm and 41.4 nm of HAp with 0.05 and 0.2 wt-% PSS template, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images of the synthesized HAp revealed the rod-shaped crystals of all samples. The synthesized HAp nanoparticles were modified by l-aspartic acid (Asp) and l-arginine (Arg), having negative and positive charges, respectively. It was found that the zeta potential of HAp was significantly changed from +5.46 to –24.70 mV after modification with Asp, whereas it was +4.72 mV in the Arg-modified HAp. These results suggested that the negatively charged amino acid was preferentially adsorbed onto the synthesized HAp surface.

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A Chemical Solution Route to Rapid Synthesis of Homogeneous Bi100−xSbx Alloys Nanoparticles at Room Temperature

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2007.151 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 525-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bo Zhou ◽

Jun-Jie Zhu

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Solution Route ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Co Reduction ◽

Chemical Solution Route

A chemical co-reduction route in aqueous solution was developed to synthesize Bi100−xSbx alloys at room temperature. The hydrolyses of Bi(III) and Sb(III) were effectively avoided by selecting proper raw materials and coordinator. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the as-prepared Bi100−xSbx alloys were homogeneous and phase-pure, and the Bi/Sb ratios in the alloys were very close to those in the aqueous solutions. The transmission electron microscope observation showed that the as-prepared Bi100−xSbx (x = 0∼100) alloys were particles with a size of tens of nanometers. The selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the high crystallinity, the homogeneousness, and the composition controllability of as-prepared alloys. All these characters and the nanometer-scaled size of the alloys are believed to be beneficial to the thermoelectric property of the Bi100−xSbx alloys.

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Millable Polyurethane/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2007.134 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 634-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Siliani ◽

M. A. López-Manchado ◽

J. L. Valentín ◽

M. Arroyo ◽

A. Marcos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Barrier Properties ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Nanometer Scale ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Transformation Techniques ◽

Covalent Bonds ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Organically Modified ◽

Diffraction Patterns

Novel millable polyurethane (PU)/organoclay nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by conventional transformation techniques. One natural (C6A) and two organically modified (C15A and C30B) montmorillonites have been used as clays for preparing PU nanocomposites. The optimum dispersion of nanofiller at a nanometer scale in PU matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy. A substantial improvement of the PU properties by addition of only a small amount of organoclay was observed. It is worthy to note that the organoclays show a different interfacial interaction with the PU matrix, which was reflected in different macroscopic properties. Thus, C30B organoclay seems to react with PU chains to form covalent bonds, while C15Aonly interacts physically with PU chains. Mechanical and barrier properties are analyzed.

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Preparation of Fe-DopedTiO2Nanotubes and Their Photocatalytic Activities under Visible Light

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2013/981753 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Honghui Teng ◽

Shukun Xu ◽

Dandan Sun ◽

Ying Zhang

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Visible Region ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Visible Absorption ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Photocatalytic Activities ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Uv Visible

Fe-doped TiO2nanotubes (Fe-TNTs) have been prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method. The structure and composition of the as-prepared TiO2nanotubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the degradation of MO under visible light. The UV-visible absorption spectra of the Fe-TNT showed a red shift and an enhancement of the absorption in the visible region compared to the pure TNT. The Fe-TNTs were provided with good photocatalytic activities and photostability and under visible light irradiation, and the optimum molar ratio of Ti : Fe was found to be 100 : 1 in our experiments.

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SYNTHESIS OF In2O3 NANOWIRES ENHANCED BY ANODIC ALUMINA MEMBRANE

International Journal of Nanoscience ◽

10.1142/s0219581x06004668 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 05 (04n05) ◽

pp. 479-485

Author(s):

C. W. LAI ◽

X. Y. ZHANG ◽

H. C. ONG ◽

J. Y. DAI ◽

H. L. W. CHAN

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Anodic Alumina ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Alumina Membrane ◽

Thermal Evaporation Method ◽

Single Crystalline ◽

X Ray ◽

Alumina Membranes ◽

Transmission Electron

Large-scale single crystalline In 2 O 3 nanowires were successfully synthesized on anodic alumina membranes by a simple thermal evaporation method at 570°C. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of single crystalline In 2 O 3 nanowires with diameters of 50–100 nm and lengths of up to a few hundreds of micrometers. Cathodeluminescence study revealed existence of oxygen vacancies evidenced by a strong and broad emission at 470 nm with a shoulder at 400 nm. The growth mechanism of the nanostructures is also discussed.

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The Reliability Improvement of Cu Interconnection by the Control of Crystallizedα-Ta/TaNxDiffusion Barrier

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/917935 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei-Lin Wang ◽

Chia-Ti Wang ◽

Wei-Chun Chen ◽

Kuo-Tzu Peng ◽

Ming-Hsin Yeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Barrier ◽

Practical Application ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Reliability Improvement ◽

N Concentration ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Interconnection Structure

Ta/TaN bilayers have been deposited by a commercial self-ionized plasma (SIP) system. The microstructures of Ta/TaN bilayers have been systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. TaN films deposited by SIP system are amorphous. The crystalline behavior of Ta film can be controlled by the N concentration of underlying TaN film. On amorphous TaN film with low N concentration, overdeposited Ta film is the mixture ofα- andβ-phases with amorphous-like structure. Increasing the N concentration of amorphous TaN underlayer successfully leads upper Ta film to form pureα-phase. For the practical application, the electrical property and reliability of Cu interconnection structure have been investigated by utilizing various types of Ta/TaN diffusion barrier. The diffusion barrier fabricated by the combination of crystallizedα-Ta and TaN with high N concentration efficiently reduces the KRc and improves the EM resistance of Cu interconnection structure.

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Preparation and Characterization of Ni(OH)2and NiO Mesoporous Nanosheets

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2012/648012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Changyu Li ◽

Shouxin Liu

Keyword(s):

Decomposition Method ◽

Mixed Solution ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Facile Hydrothermal Method ◽

Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate ◽

Single Crystalline ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermal Decomposition Method ◽

Transmission Electron

Mesoporous nanosheets of single-crystallineβ-nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)2) were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method using Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O as precursor in a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). Single-crystalline nickel oxide (NiO) mesoporous nanosheets can be obtained through a thermal decomposition method usingβ-Ni(OH)2mesoporous nanosheets as precursor. The influences of SDBS and hydrothermal treatment were carefully investigated; the results showed that they played important roles in the formation ofβ-Ni(OH)2mesoporous nanosheets. The as-obtainedβ-Ni(OH)2and NiO were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravity-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and specific surface area, and pore size test.

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