scholarly journals Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States

Nitrogen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-51
Author(s):  
Amitava Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
N Management

Nitrogen (N) losses from field crops have raised environmental concerns. This manuscript accompanies a database of N loss studies from non-legume field crops conducted across the conterminous United States. Cumulative N losses through nitrous oxide-denitrification (CN2O), ammonia volatilization (CNH3), and nitrate leaching (CNO3−) during the growing season and associated crop, soil, and water management information were gathered to determine the extent and controls of these losses. This database consisted of 404, 26, and 358 observations of CN2O, CNH3, and CNO3− losses, respectively, from sixty-two peer-reviewed manuscripts. Corn (Zea mays) dominated the N loss studies. Losses ranged between −0.04 to 16.9, 2.50 to 50.9, and 0 to 257 kg N ha−1 for CN2O, CNH3 and CNO3−, respectively. Most CN2O and CNO3− observations were reported from Colorado (n = 100) and Iowa (n = 176), respectively. The highest values of CN2O, and CNO3− were reported from Illinois and Minnesota states, and corn and potato (Solanum tuberosum), respectively. The application of anhydrous NH3 had the highest value of CN2O loss, and ammonium nitrate had the highest CNO3− loss. Among the different placement methods, the injection of fertilizer-N had the highest CN2O loss, whereas the banding of fertilizer-N had the highest CNO3− loss. The maximum CNO3− loss was higher for chisel than no-tillage practice. Both CN2O and CNO3− were positively correlated with fertilizer N application rate and the amount of water input (irrigation and rainfall). Fertilizer-N management strategies to control N loss should consider the spatio-temporal variability of interactions among climate, crop-and soil types.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission and fertiliser nitrogen efficiency in a tropical sugarcane cropping system applied with different formulations of urea

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijin Wang ◽  
Glen Park ◽  
Steven Reeves ◽  
Megan Zahmel ◽  
Marijke Heenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Coated Urea

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from sugarcane cropped soils are usually high compared with those from other arable lands. Nitrogen-efficient management strategies are needed to mitigate N2O emissions from sugarcane farming whilst maintaining productivity and profitability. A year-long field experiment was conducted in wet tropical Australia to assess the efficacy of polymer-coated urea (PCU) and nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate)-coated urea (NICU). Emissions of N2O were measured using manual and automatic gas sampling chambers in combination. The nitrogen (N) release from PCU continued for >5–6 months, and lower soil NO3– contents were recorded for≥3 months in the NICU treatments compared with the conventional urea treatments. The annual cumulative N2O emissions were high, amounting to 11.4–18.2kg N2O-Nha–1. In contrast to findings in most other cropping systems, there were no significant differences in annual N2O emissions between treatments with different urea formulations and application rates (0, 100 and 140kgNha–1). Daily variation in N2O emissions at this site was driven predominantly by rainfall. Urea formulations did not significantly affect sugarcane or sugar yield at the same N application rate. Decreasing fertiliser application rate from the recommended 140kgNha–1 to 100kgNha–1 led to a decrease in sugar yield by 1.3tha–1 and 2.2tha–1 for the conventional urea and PCU treatments, respectively, but no yield loss occurred for the NICU treatment. Crop N uptake also declined at the reduced N application rate with conventional urea, but not with the PCU and NICU. These results demonstrated that substituting NICU for conventional urea may substantially decrease fertiliser N application from the normal recommended rates whilst causing no yield loss or N deficiency to the crop. Further studies are required to investigate the optimal integrated fertiliser management strategies for sugarcane production, particularly choice of products and application time and rates, in relation to site and seasonal conditions.

Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley on two artificially eroded soils in north-central Alberta

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pradhan ◽  
R. C. Izaurralde ◽  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
M. Nyborg
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Losses ◽  
North Central ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Erosion Level ◽  
N Management

Soil erosion induces variability in soil properties which may influence nutrient use efficiency. A 2-yr field study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) to determine the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizers applied to barley growing on artificially eroded soil, and (2) to compare N losses from nitrate- and ammonia-based N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in north-central Alberta in 1991 and 1992 on an Orthic Gray Luvisol (Site 1) and on an Eluviated Black Chernozem (Site 2) soil. At each site, a factorial experiment of three levels of artificial erosion (0, 10 and 20 cm) and three N sources (KNO3, urea, and control) was laid out as a split-plot design with four replications. The 15N-labelled fertilizers (5.63 atom % abundance) were banded in June 1991 at 150 kg N ha−1 within 46-cm by 46-cm steel frame microplots. The proportion of added N recovered by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was not affected by erosion level. Periodical water saturation and NO3− availability suggested denitrification as a major mechanism of N loss. The N losses ranged from 12 to 51 g N ha−1 in 1991 and 20 to 80 kg N ha−1 over the 2-yr period, but the N losses did not relate to erosion level. The N losses after 2 yr were greater from KNO3 than from urea at Site 1. Most of the added 15N was found in the surface 0- to 15-cm layer, but amounts of 15N were detected in the 15- to 30-cm or 30- to 45-cm layers. The results call for continued development of N management techniques geared to optimize crop growth and minimize losses from fields. Key words: Artificial erosion, barley, fate of applied N, 15N-labelled fertilizers, N immobilization, N loss

Fixed-time corrective dose fertilizer nitrogen management in wheat using atLeaf meter and leaf colour chart

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ali M. Ali ◽  
Sherif M. Ibrahim ◽  
Wahby M. Hassany ◽  
Ashraf N. El-Sadek ◽  
Bijay-Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Colour ◽  
N Management ◽  
Colour Chart

Abstract Fertilizer nitrogen (N) management in any region following standard general recommendations discount the fact that crop response to N varies between sites and seasons. To devise field-specific N management in wheat at jointing stage (Feekes 6 growth stage) using atLeaf meter and leaf colour chart (LCC), eight field experiments were conducted in three wheat seasons during 2017–2020 in the West Delta of Egypt. In the first two seasons, four experiments consisted of treatments with a range of fertilizer N application levels from 0 to 320 kg N ha−1. Monitoring atLeaf and LCC measurements at Feekes 6 growth stage in plots with different yield potentials allowed formulation of different criteria to apply field-specific and crop need-based fertilizer N doses. In the four experiments conducted in the third season in 2019/20, different field-specific N management strategies formulated in 2017/18 and 2018/19 wheat seasons were evaluated. In the atLeaf-based fertilizer N management experiment, prescriptive application of 40 kg N ha−1 at 10 days after seeding (DAS) and 60 kg N ha−1 at 30 DAS followed by application of an adjustable dose at Feekes 6 stage computed by multiplying the difference of atLeaf measurements of the test plot and the N-sufficient plot with 42.25 (as derived from the functional model developed in this study), resulted in grain yield similar or higher to that obtained by following the standard treatment. The LCC-based strategy to apply field-specific fertilizer N at Feekes 6 stage consisted of applying 150, 100 or 0 kg N ha−1 based on LCC shade equal to or less than 4, between 4 and 5 or equal to or more than 5, respectively. Both atLeaf- and LCC-based fertilizer N management strategies not only recorded the highest grain yield levels but also resulted in higher use efficiency with 57–60 kg N ha−1 in average less fertilizer use than the standard treatment.

Effect of season and previous seasonal fertilizer N application rates on the response of an S.24 perennial ryegrass/white clover sward to fertilizer N

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marsh ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
J. C. Murdoch ◽  
W. E. G. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Soil Complex

SummaryThe effect of season of harvest and previous seasonal applications of fertilizer N on the response of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards to pre-cut applications of fertilizer N was studied in three consecutive years on different sites. Herbage D.M. yield responded in a curvilinear manner to increased pre-cut N application rates. There was a tendency in all experiments for the marginal response of herbage D.M. to increased pre-cut N application rates to decrease as previous seasonal fertilizer N application rates increased. Although the effect of season of harvest on the response of herbage D.M. to pre-cut N application rates varied with site/years, it was concluded that the marginal response of herbage D.M. to pre-cut N application rate varies little throughout the greater part of the growing season. The exceptions to this are the very early and late harvests and swards that receive low supplies of N from the sward/soil complex. The results are discussed in relation to other published data and to their possible use in the control of the seasonal pattern and total seasonal supply of herbage D.M. for rotational grazing management systems.

scholarly journals High Carbon Amendments Increase Nitrogen Retention in Soil After Slurry Application—an Incubation Study with Silty Loam Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Cao ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Holger Wissel ◽  
Sirgit Kummer ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Incubation Study ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractExcess nitrogen (N) after animal slurry application is a persistent problem of intensive agriculture, with consequences such as environmental pollution by ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. High-carbon organic soil amendments (HCAs) with a large C:N ratio have shown the potential of mitigating unintended N losses from soil. To reduce gaseous and leaching N losses after the application of slurry, a laboratory incubation study was conducted with silt loam soil. We tested the potential of three different types of HCA—wheat straw, sawdust, and leonardite (application rate 50 g C L−1 slurry for each of the three HCAs)—to mitigate N loss after amendment of soil with pig and cattle slurry using two common application modes (slurry and HCA mixed overnight with subsequent addition to soil vs. sequential addition) at an application rate equivalent to 80 kg N ha−1. Compared to the control with only soil and slurry, the addition of leonardite reduced the NH3 emissions of both slurries by 32–64%. Leonardite also reduced the total N2O emissions by 33–58%. Wheat straw reduced N2O emissions by 40–46%, but had no effect on NH3 emission. 15 N labeling showed that the application of leonardite was associated with the highest N retention in soil (24% average slurry N recovery), followed by wheat straw (20% average slurry N recovery). The mitigation of N loss was also observed for sawdust, although the effect was less consistent compared with leonardite and wheat straw. Mixing the slurry and HCA overnight tended to reduce N losses, although the effect was not consistent across all treatments. In conclusion, leonardite improved soil N retention more effectively than wheat straw and sawdust.

Using Nutrient Uptake Patterns to Develop Efficient N Management Strategies for Vegetables

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 556e-556
Author(s):  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Uptake Studies ◽  
N Management ◽  
Nitrogen Demand ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Nitrogen in a soil that is not immediately taken up by a crop is subject to leaching, denitrification, and other mechanisms of loss. Generally, split applications of N throughout the growing season reduce the potential for N loss compared to a single preplant application. Timing of N application should account for the characteristic N uptake patterns of the crop and the lag time between application of fertilizers and plant availability. N uptake studies allow one to identify total amount of N accumulated by the crop and periods of peak nitrogen demand. This information can then be used to devise management strategies aimed at supplying N preceding anticipated N uptake. Split sidedress N application, fertigation, and the use of controlled-release fertilizers are all viable options, depending on the crop production scenario and available infrastructure.

Nitrogen source and rate effects on residual soil nitrate and overwinter NO3-N losses for irrigated potatoes on sandy soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chedzer-Clarc Clément ◽  
Athyna N. Cambouris ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Bernie J. Zebarth ◽  
Antoine Karam
Keyword(s):  
Potato Production ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

Residual soil NO3-N (RSN) is susceptible to loss during the non-growing season. This 5 yr study investigated the effects of three N fertilizer sources [ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), and polymer-coated urea (PCU)] applied at four rates (60, 120, 200, and 280 kg N ha−1) plus an unfertilized control on RSN following potato production and on overwinter NO3-N changes in an irrigated sandy soil in Quebec, Canada. Composite soil samples were collected at the 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm depths immediately after potato harvest in fall and again in the following spring from 2008 to 2012. Residual soil NO3-N content within the 0–30 cm depth (RSN0–30) was highly correlated with the RSN content in the 0–90 cm depth (RSN0–90), indicating that RSN0–30 can be used as an indicator of soil profile NO3-N accumulation. Overall, RSN0–90 increased with fertilizer N application rate, particularly for above the minimum fertilizer N rate required to maximize yield (Nmax), and was generally higher for years with greater pre-plant soil NO3-N. The split application of AN and AS resulted in lower RSN0–90 than the single application of PCU at above Nmax. Overwinter losses of soil NO3-N were generally increased with increasing RSN0–90 in fall. The results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N source in managing RSN.

scholarly journals Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Corn in Midwestern Cropping Systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 682-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Hatfield ◽  
J.H. Prueger
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) loss from agricultural systems raises concerns about the potential impact of farming practices on environmental quality. N is a critical input to agricultural production. However, there is little understanding of the interactions among crop water use, N application rates, and soil types. This study was designed to quantify these interactions in corn (Zea mays L.) grown in production-size fields in central Iowa on the Clarion-Nicollet-Webster soil association. Seasonal water use varied by soil type and N application rate. Yield varied with N application rate, with the highest average yield obtained at 100 kg ha-1. N use efficiency (NUE) decreased with increasing N application rates, having values around 50%. Water use efficiency (WUE) decreased as N fertilizer rates increased. Analysis of plant growth patterns showed that in the low organic matter soils (lower water-holding capacities), potential yield was not achieved because of water deficits during the grain-filling period. Using precipitation data coupled with daily water use throughout the season, lower organic matter soils showed these soils began to drain earlier in the spring and continued to drain more water throughout the season. The low NUE in these soils together with increased drainage lead to greater N loss from these soils. Improved management decisions have shown that it is possible to couple water use patterns with N application to increase both WUE and NUE.

scholarly journals Economic Optimal Nitrogen Rate Variability of Maize in Response to Soil and Weather Conditions: Implications for Site-Specific Nitrogen Management

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinbing Wang ◽  
Yuxin Miao ◽  
Rui Dong ◽  
Zhichao Chen ◽  
Krzysztof Kusnierek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
N Management

The dynamic interactions between soil, weather and crop management have considerable influences on crop yield within a region, and should be considered in optimizing nitrogen (N) management. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of soil type, weather conditions and planting density on economic optimal N rate (EONR), and to evaluate the potential benefits of site-specific N management strategies for maize production. The experiments were conducted in two soil types (black and aeolian sandy soils) from 2015 to 2017, involving different N rates (0 to 300 kg ha−1) with three planting densities (55,000, 70,000, and 85,000 plant ha−1) in Northeast China. The results showed that the average EONR was higher in black soil (265 kg ha−1) than in aeolian sandy soil (186 kg ha−1). Conversely, EONR showed higher variability in aeolian sandy soil (coefficient of variation (CV) = 30%) than in black soil (CV = 10%) across different weather conditions and planting densities. Compared with farmer N rate (FNR), applying soil-specific EONR (SS-EONR), soil- and year-specific EONR (SYS-EONR) and soil-, year-, and planting density-specific EONR (SYDS-EONR) would significantly reduce N rate by 25%, 30% and 38%, increase net return (NR) by 155 $ ha−1, 176 $ ha−1, and 163 $ ha−1, and improve N use efficiency (NUE) by 37–42%, 52%, and 67–71% across site-years, respectively. Compared with regional optimal N rate (RONR), applying SS-EONR, SYS-EONR and SYDS-EONR would significantly reduce N application rate by 6%, 12%, and 22%, while increasing NUE by 7–8%, 16–19% and 28–34% without significantly affecting yield or NR, respectively. It is concluded that soil-specific N management has the potential to improve maize NUE compared with both farmer practice and regional optimal N management in Northeast China, especially when each year’s weather condition and planting density information is also considered. More studies are needed to develop practical in-season soil (site)-specific N management strategies using crop sensing and modeling technologies to better account for soil, weather and planting density variation under diverse on-farm conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document