Agroecological assessment of leached chernozems with different erosion level in conditions of the slope catena at the Central Chernozemic Region

Based on the complex investigation of agroecological parameters of leached chernozems with different erosion level in conditions of the slope catena at the Central Chernozemic Region (CChR), the features of agrogenic-erosive transformation of morphogenetic, chemical and physic-chemical properties of the investigated soils at the basic levels of their structural organization are shown – depending on the degree of their erosion. The influence of the processes of surface planar erosion and intra-soil lateral migration on the content and distribution of the most problematic heavy metals (HM) – Pb, Cd is considered. The analysis of the research results has shown that the development of erosion processes in conditions of the slope type of terrain characteristic for the CChR leads to a significant transformation of the main diagnostic indicators of the agroecological state of leached chernozems, primarily to the degradation of their morphogenetic and humus profile. The significant and slope-differentiated influence of erosion processes at the level of soil elementary particles, meso- and macro-levels of the soil structural organization has been established. The processes of erosion and lateral migration change the content and profile distribution of Cd and, especially, Pb in the studied leached chernozems. In the eroded soils, there is an increase in their mobility and accumulation in the subsoil. Keywords: LEACHED CHERNOZEMS, AGROECOLOGICAL STATE, EROSION, TRANSFORMATION AND DEGRADATION, HEAVY METALS, LEAD, CADMIUM

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LAND USE IN ZAISAN SLOPE OF THE BOGD KHAN MOUNTAIN

Mount Bogd Khan is the first protected place not only in Mongolia but also in the world. There are 3 protected zones in the reserve, and a few companies are only allowed to operate in a limited zone in the area according to the Law on Special Protected Areas of Mongolia. Nevertheless, many companies are operating in the area and the physical characteristics of the land are being damaged. For this reason, we aimed to identify the main aspects that lead to the ecological degradation of the natural environment. Our research is based on the study of local land use related to soil degradation through soil weakening assessment and ecological and economic evaluation, in order to propose conservation measures. The objectives are as follows: a) study the granted land, b) determine the soil erosion level of Zaisan slopes) estimate the ecological and economic valuation of soil. This research is used to develop proposals for protective measures through soil ecological assessment. Experimental uses method of soil field research, Tyurin method, methods for determining the volume and weight of soil, mapping for soil erosion and the ecological and economic valuation of the soil is calculated. The total area of Bogd Khan is 41651.0 ha, of which 55.0 percent is forest. The Zaisan slope has an area of 1086.5 ha. Of which 697.43 ha are not eroded. And the forest 482.3 ha, open area is 215.5 ha. Soil erosion has occupied 396 ha square. Of which 97.43 ha is highly eroded, 179.15 ha is medium eroded, and 119.42 ha is low eroded. The built-up area is 10.8 ha square, of which 4.1 ha is built up and 6.7 ha is roads. Zaisan slope is eroded resource of soil roots has reached 139.88 tons, total decrease of soil roots 49200.7 total decrease of soil roots /of revised/ 34626.2 ton. The total ecological and economic valuation of soil cover of Zaisan slope has reached 9.4 billion tugrug.

Locally measured USLE K factor expands sustainable agricultural land in Palau

From the viewpoint of sustainability, annual soil erosion should be controlled below an erosion level. Palau is an island in the Micronesia region of the western Pacific Ocean. The island receives heavy rainfall and has steep slopes, so 80% of the land is categorized within the most fragile rank (T factor = 1) in soil erosion. We tested several methods of preventing soil erosion on the land, with a slope of 15.4° (13.4°–17.3°), cultivated the land, planted sweet potatoes, and compared the amount of soil erosion. Surprisingly, there was no erosion at all in all plots (including control plots), although 24 rainfall events occurred and the USLE equation predicted 32 tons per ha of soil erosion in the cropping period. For the parameters of the USLE equation used in this study, only the K factor was not measured (cited from a USDA report). Namely, the K factor estimated by soil texture was larger than the actual value. Measuring the K factor in the fields can expand Palau's sustainable agricultural land.

Tingkat Erosi pada Plot Model Arsitektur Pohon Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), dan Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii)

Tree architecture models and the composition of vegetation types affected surface runoff and erosion rates due to vegetation density and various other morphological and ecological characteristic components. This research purpose was to measure and compare the level of erosion in 3 tree architectural models. The research used the path plots method. The sample pathway was made by cut off contour lines. To measure the erosion rate that occured at the tree architecture model, erosion measuring plots were used in three tree architecture models, namely Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), and Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii). The results showed that the dominant tree architecture model was the Rauh, Attims, and Corner models. The erosion level which occurred in the three tree architectural models showed that the Attims Eucalyptus deglupta model and Corner Arenga pinnata models were more effective in controlling erosion by 233.55 g/ha/year and 293.10 g/ha/year with rainfall of 493.55 mm compared to Rauh Arthocarpus teysmanii type. The correlation analysis between rainfall and the erosion rate at the three tree architecture models were 80% (very strong) for Attims model, 89% (very strong) for Corner model and 90% (very strong) for Rauh model. To control the erosion the Attims and Corner models are highly recommended as alternatives for rehabilitating the critical land.

Petrological Features of Korsun'-Novomyrhorod Anorthosite-Rapakivi Granite Pluton

The Korsun’-Novomyrhorod pluton is the second after the Korosten one in terms of the scale of Proterozoic (1757-1748 Ma) anorthosite-rapakivi-granite magmatism in the Ukrainian Shield. According to geochronological data, pluton was formed as a result of multiple ascending and crystallization of basic to acidic melts. Differentiation of initial melts because to be responsible for gabbro-anorthosite and monzonites series crystallization. Whereas rapakivi granites, which are predominate in the modern erosion level, were formed from felsic magma not directly related with differentiation of basic melt. In view of the current level of mineralogical research, it is difficult to use modern geobarometry methods to reliably estimate the depth of rocks crystallization. At the same time, a number of factors (absence of volcanic and dike analogues of basic rocks, insignificant distribution of pegmatite bodies, predominance of high-Fe mafic minerals, absence of primary magnetite, etc.) indicate deeper conditions for rocks disclosed by modern erosional cut in comparition to similar Korosten pluton. Therefore, the liquid line of dissent, petrological and mineralogical features of the rocks can be explained by the reducing (low fO2) or abyssal conditions of their formation. It is possible that the deeper conditions of crystallization of parental melt are due to more distinctly developed syenitic trend of evolution with the appearance of high-Fe syenites during final stages. Preliminary data indicate on possibility of vertical layering of gabbro-anorthosite massifs, which manifested by increasing proportion of high-Fe basic rocks with depth. Available isotope-geochemical studies do not provide unambiguous data on regarding reservoirs of primary melts implaying both mantle and mixed mantle-crustal their origin. The evolution of the petrochemical features of basic rocks, in our opinion, is in better agreement with their formation as result of differentiation of the primary high-alumina tholeiitic melt, significantly contaminated by lower crustal material. This determined the subalkaline nature of basic rocks and a significant predominance of norites, in comparition to more typical gabbros, and monzonites. In contrast to the previously proposed hypotheses of the formation of intermediate rocks because of partial melting of felsic rocks by basic intrusions, or mingling of basic and acidic melts, some of petrochemical features and geological position can be satisfactorily explained by their crystallization from the residual melt.

TINGKAT EROSI DAN RANCANGAN TEKNIK KONSERVASI TANAH DAN AIR DI SUB DAS WAEWOKI, DAS AESESA KABUPATEN NGADA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (Erosion Level and Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Plan in Waewoki Sub Watershed, Aesesa Watershed, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province)

AbstrakKajian tingkat erosi dan rancangan Konservasi Tanah-Air (KTA) telah dilakukan di Sub DAS Waewoki DAS Aesesa Kabupaten Ngada Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi tingkat erosi di Sub DAS Waewoki dan menentukan teknik KTA di Sub DAS Waewoki. Untuk memprediksi erosi, diterapkan model SWAT, dengan tahapan deliniasi DAS, pembentukan peta unit lahan, input data iklim serta data pendukung yang dibutuhkan, dan running SWAT. Dari 51 unit lahan di wilayah kajian diambil sampel tanah pada 13 titik lokasi berdasarkan GPS. Untuk merancang teknik KTA digunakan analisis klaster. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat erosi yang terjadi pada enam tahun terakhir sangat bervariasi, dari tingkat erosi sangat ringan sebesar 0,11 %, kelas ringan sebesar 1,38 % dan kelas sedang sebesar 1 %. Berdasarkan model regresi ditunjukkan bahwa faktor erosi yang paling berpengaruh di lokasi penelitian adalah kelerengan, yang signifikan terhadap kriteria probabilitas yaitu 0.05. Rancangan teknik KTA dirancang pada jarak tandan terkecil dengan jumlah kelompok klaster sebayak 5 yang memiliki klasifikasi unit lahan yang berbeda-beda. Pengklasteran unit lahan menunjukkan bahwa faktor kelerengan, penggunaan lahan dan jenis tanah merupakan faktor yang paling dominan untuk terbentuknya kelompok klaster I dan V, sedangkan untuk kelompok klaster II, III, dan IV faktor yang paling dominan adalah penggunaan lahan dan jenis tanah. Model KTA yang diterapkan pada setiap kelompok klaster adalah model vegetatif dan mekanik sesuai dengan klasifikasi yang terbentuk.AbstractThe study erosion level and Soil-Water Conservation (SWC) engineering plan was conducted in Waewoki Sub watershed, Aesesa Watershed, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study was aimed at predicting the erosion level in Waewoki Sub watershed and determining Soil and Water Conservation engineering in Waewoki Sub watershed. To predict erosion, SWAT model was applied, with model analysis phases including watershed delineation, land unit map creation, climate data input and supporting data needed, and running SWAT. From the 51 units of land in the study area, the soil samples were collected at 13 locations using GPS. Cluster analysis was used to plan SWC engineering. The results showed that the erosion level occurred in the last six years varied widely, ranging from very mild erosion level of 0.11%, mild level of 1.38%, and medium level of 1%. The statistical test with regression model approach showed that the most influential factor of erosion in the study site was slope, which was significant to the probability criterion, i.e. 0.05. SWC engineering plan was planned in the smallest cluster distance by 5 cluster groups with different land unit classification. Land unit clustering showed that the factors of slope, land use and soil type were the most dominant factors for the formation of the cluster groups I and V, while the most dominant factors for cluster groups II, III, and IV were land use and soil type. The SWC models applied to each cluster group were vegetative and mechanical models, in accordance with the classification formed.

EXPERIMENTAL CONSOLIDATION WORKS IN RAMMED EARTH WALLS: THE CASE OF THE BAÑUELO IN GRANADA (SPAIN)

Between 2015 and 2018, different restoration works were carried out on the dividing walls of the Bañuelo in Granada. They affected rammed earth, masonry and brick fabrics of different chronological periods, corresponding to medieval structures (12th–15th centuries), Modern Age repairs (16th–18th centuries) and contemporary restoration works conducted by F. Prieto-Moreno and L. Torres Balbás (20th century). In this article are presented the works carried out on the west dividing wall, which separate the Arab bath from the garden of the adjoining house. This fabric corresponds to a recent chronology and is not related to the founding fabrics of the Andalusian building; this fact has allowed the development of experimental methodologies avoiding any alteration on structures of a high historical value. Nevertheless, this wall preserves a layered structure of repairs or restorations of Modern and Contemporary Age, which has been factored in the consolidation works. Accordingly, the intervention has not been limited to a strict preservation or a volumetric reintegration of the rammed earth fabric, but aims to offer a range of solutions according to the state of conservation of the structures and the erosion level of the surfaces, on the basis of a previous laboratory tests. Consequently, the conservation works present different intervention techniques and surface coating treatments, which facilitate the execution and contribute to the legibility and the integration of the intervention in the general context of the building.

KAJIAN USAHATANI AKAR WANGI RAKYAT BERWAWASAN KONSERVASI DI KABUPATEN GARUT

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian usahatani akar wangi (Vetiver zizanoides Stapt) dilakukan<br />dari bulan Nopember 2003 sampai Oktober 2004 di Kecamatan Samarang,<br />Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Data aspek sosial ekonomi diambil dari 120<br />petani akar wangi dan 22 pabrik penyuling akar wangi. Percobaan<br />lapangan dilaksanakan lahan pada seluas 3 hektar. Metode penelitian yang<br />digunakan yaitu rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 pola tanam dan 2<br />ulangan. Perlakuan yang dicoba adalah pola tanam petani, pola tanam<br />introduksi dan pola tanam konservasi. Parameter yang diamati adalah berat<br />akar, kadar minyak, tingkat erosi, tingkat produktivitas dan kelayakan<br />ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari ketiga pola yang<br />diteliti ternyata pola konservasi mempunyai berat akar yang lebih tinggi<br />yaitu 0,74 kg, sedangkan pola petani 0,60 kg dan pola introduksi 0,50 kg.<br />Hasil analisis kadar minyak ketiga pola menunjukkan bahwa kadar minyak<br />pola konservasi dan pola petani tidak berbeda nyata yaitu 2,60% dan<br />2,25%, sedangkan pola introduksi hanya 1,25%. Dari kedua parameter di<br />atas (berat akar dan kadar minyak) dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola<br />konservasi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pola lainnya. Tingkat erosi<br />yang terjadi di pertanaman akar wangi adalah: (a) pola petani 26,20 ton/ha,<br />(b) pola introduksi 19,40 ton/ha, dan (c) pola konservasi 17,80 ton/ha.<br />Hasil pengukuran tingkat erosi ini diamati selama 6 (enam) bulan dan<br />kondisi di atas masuk kategori tingkat bahaya erosi (TBE), klasifikasi<br />sedang (30 sampai 60 ton/ha/tahun). Tingkat produktivitas yang dicapai<br />dari ketiga pola usahatani tersebut yaitu (a) pola petani sebesar 16.000 kg/<br />ha/tahun, (b) pola introduksi 15.000kg/ha/tahun, dan (c) pola konservasi<br />18.000kg/ha/tahun. Dari ketiga pola tersebut yang tertinggi adalah pola<br />konservasi, tetapi analisis kelayakan ekonomi pada ketiga pola adalah :<br />Pola konservasi : B/C ratio 3,26, NPV Rp 7.852.000, dan IRR 18,75%;<br />Pola introduksi : B/C ratio 2,03, NPV Rp 5.089.000, dan IRR 18,75%;<br />Pola petani : B/C ratio 3,60, NPV Rp7.130.000, dan IRR 18,50%.<br />Kata kunci : Akar wangi, Vetiver zizanoides Stapt, usahatani, konservasi,<br />erosi, produksi, kadar minyak, Jawa Barat</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Study on vetiver farming system in Garut District<br />The study of Vetiver (Vetiver zizanoides Stapt) farming system was<br />conducted from November 2003 to October 2004 in Samarang, Sub<br />District, Garut, West Java. The primary data were collected through the<br />interview of 120 vetiver farmers and 22 vetiver oil processors, and from 3<br />hectars field trial. The study used a randomized block design with 3<br />cropping patterns and two replications. Parameters observed were root<br />weight, oil content, erosion level, productivity level, and economic<br />feasibility. The research result indicated that conservation pattern<br />produced the higher root weight, conservation pattern 0.74 kg, farmer<br />0.60 kg and introduction pattern 0.50 kg. Result of oil analysis were the oil<br />content of conservation and farmer patterns were not significantly<br />different, namely 2.60% and 2.25%, while the introduction pattern was<br />only 1.25%. From the two parameters (root weight and oil content), it was<br />indicated that the conservation pattern was better. The erosion level on<br />vetiver farms at farmer, introduction and conservation patterns were 26.20<br />ton/ha, 19.40 ton/ha and 17.80 ton/ha, respectively. The erosion level<br />above was classified as TBE, while moderate level (30 – 60 ton/ha/year).<br />The productivity levels at farmer, introduction and conservation patterns<br />were 16,000 kg/ha/year, 15,000 kg/ha/year and 18,000 kg/ha/year,<br />respectively. It was clear that conservation pattern gave the highest<br />productivity, but the result of economic feasibility study showed :<br />Conservation pattern : B/C ratio 3.26, NPV Rp. 7,852,000 and IRR<br />18.75%; Introduction pattern : B/C ratio 2.03, NPV Rp. 5,089,000, and<br />IRR 18.75%; Farmer pattern : B/C ratio 3.60, NPV Rp. 7,130,000 and IRR<br />18.50%.<br />Key words : Vetiver, Vetiver zizanoides Stapt, farming system,<br />conservation, erosion, production, oil content, West Java</p>

Use of the K factor from the Universal Soil Loss Equation can show arable land in Palau

From the viewpoint of sustainability, the annual soil erosion must be controlled below an erosion level. Palau is an island in the Micronesia region of the western Pacific Ocean. The island receives heavy rainfall and has steep slopes, so 80% of the land is categorized within the most fragile rank, with at most 1 ton per acre per year (T factor = 1). We tested several methods of preventing soil erosion on the land, with a slope of 15.4° (13.4°–17.3°), cultivated the land, planted sweet potatoes, and compared the amount of soil erosion. Surprisingly, there was no erosion at all in all plots (including control plots), although there were 24 rainfall events and the USLE equation predicted 32 ton per ha of the soil erosion in the cropping period. For the parameters of the USLE equation used in the present study, only the K factor was not actually measured. This means the K factor was larger than the actual value. Land at low risk of soil erosion and suitable for agriculture can be found by measuring K factor locally, even if the area is categorized as unsuitable.

Effects of Indigenous Cultivation Practices on Soil Conservation in the Hilly Semiarid Areas of Western Sudan

In dry regions, it is customary for farmers to use soil water conservation and/or water harvesting techniques. These practices have now become applicable to agriculturalists combating the adverse effects of drought on food production. In the semiarid areas of Zalingei in western Sudan, we quantified the soil erosion using traditional conservation measures, and conducted experiments in two consecutive rainy seasons (2013 and 2014). A split-split plot design was used to quantify the respective influences of each variable on reducing soil erosion: A) three gentle gradients (Slope1 (0.98%), Slope2 (1.81%), and Slope3 (3.1%)); B) two cropping systems (mono-crop and mixed-crops); and C) five indigenous conservation tillage practices—chisel ploughing (CHP), cross slope tied bonding (CSTB), contour ridge with stone bonds (CRSB), cross slope bonding (CSB), and zero tillage (ZT). Our results showed that there were significant differences between the slopes in season 2 (2014); the soil eroded at Slope3 was more than that of Slope1 and Slope2 by 71% and 27%, respectively. Over two seasons, there were no significant differences between the cropping systems. Conversely, the erosion level observed with CHP was higher than with the other practices. However, the CSTB and CSB erosion levels were only higher in season 2 when compared with those of CRSB and ZT. The study concluded that under the above conditions, the rate of soil erosion was severe and exceeded the erosion tolerance. Based on these results, in western Sudan, CRSB and ZT may be the more effective indigenous conservation practices for the protection of agricultural soils and productivity.