scholarly journals A Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Overweight Individuals in a 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Carbohydrates

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Sara Dort ◽  
Richard Holubkov ◽  
Neal Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Vegan Group

The effects of carbohydrates on body weight and insulin sensitivity are controversial. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the role of a low-fat, plant-based diet on body weight, body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of changes in carbohydrate intake on body composition and insulin resistance. Participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat (vegan) diet (n = 38) or to maintain their current diet (n = 37). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. A repeated measure ANOVA model was used to test the between-group differences from baseline to 16 weeks. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between carbohydrate intake, and body composition and insulin resistance. Weight decreased significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −6.5 [95% CI −8.9 to −4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). Fat mass was reduced in the vegan group (treatment effect −4.3 [95% CI −5.4 to −3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR was reduced significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −1.0 [95% CI −1.2 to −0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). Changes in consumption of carbohydrate, as a percentage of energy, correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.53, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = −0.55, p < 0.001), volume of visceral fat (r = −0.35, p = 0.006), and HOMA (r = −0.27, p = 0.04). These associations remained significant after adjustment for energy intake. Changes in consumption of total and insoluble fiber correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.43, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), fat mass (r = −0.42, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), and volume of visceral fat (r = −0.29, p = 0.03; and r = −0.32, p = 0.01, respectively). The associations between total and insoluble fiber and changes in BMI and fat mass remained significant even after adjustment for energy intake. Increased carbohydrate and fiber intake, as part of a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, are associated with beneficial effects on weight, body composition, and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Gut Microbiota in Overweight Individuals and Relationships with Body Weight, Body Composition, and Insulin Sensitivity. A Randomized Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Emilie Rembert ◽  
Jihad Alwarith ◽  
Willy N. Yonas ◽  
Andrea Tura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Vegan Group

Diet modulates gut microbiota and plays an important role in human health. The aim of this study was to test the effect of a low-fat vegan diet on gut microbiota and its association with weight, body composition, and insulin resistance in overweight men and women. We enrolled 168 participants and randomly assigned them to a vegan (n = 84) or a control group (n = 84) for 16 weeks. Of these, 115 returned all gut microbiome samples. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using uBiome Explorer™ kits. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was quantified with the predicted clamp-derived insulin sensitivity index from a standard meal test. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Body weight decreased in the vegan group (treatment effect −5.9 kg [95% CI, −7.0 to −4.9 kg]; p < 0.001), mainly due to a reduction in fat mass (−3.9 kg [95% CI, −4.6 to −3.1 kg]; p < 0.001) and in visceral fat (−240 cm3 [95% CI, −345 to −135 kg]; p < 0.001). PREDIcted M, insulin sensitivity index (PREDIM) increased in the vegan group (treatment effect +0.83 [95% CI, +0.48 to +1.2]; p < 0.001). The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii increased in the vegan group (+5.1% [95% CI, +2.4 to +7.9%]; p < 0.001) and correlated negatively with changes in weight (r = −0.24; p = 0.01), fat mass (r = −0.22; p = 0.02), and visceral fat (r = −0.20; p = 0.03). The relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis decreased in both groups, but less in the vegan group, making the treatment effect positive (+18.9% [95% CI, +14.2 to +23.7%]; p < 0.001), which correlated negatively with changes in weight (r = −0.44; p < 0.001), fat mass (r = −0.43; p < 0.001), and visceral fat (r = −0.28; p = 0.003) and positively with PREDIM (r = 0.36; p < 0.001), so a smaller reduction in Bacteroides fragilis was associated with a greater loss of body weight, fat mass, visceral fat, and a greater increase in insulin sensitivity. A low-fat vegan diet induced significant changes in gut microbiota, which were related to changes in weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight adults, suggesting a potential use in clinical practice.

scholarly journals The role of dietary fat in obesity-induced insulin resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (6) ◽  
pp. E989-E997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise E. Lackey ◽  
Raul G. Lazaro ◽  
Pingping Li ◽  
Andrew Johnson ◽  
Angelina Hernandez-Carretero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Consumption of excess calories results in obesity and insulin resistance and has been intensively studied in mice and humans. The objective of this study was to determine the specific contribution of dietary fat rather than total caloric intake to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. We used an intragastric feeding method to overfeed excess calories from a low-fat diet (and an isocalorically matched high-fat diet) through a surgically implanted gastric feeding tube to generate obesity in wild-type mice followed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies to assess the development of insulin resistance. We show that overfeeding a low-fat diet results in levels of obesity similar to high-fat diet feeding in mice. However, despite a similar body weight, obese high-fat diet-fed mice are more insulin resistant than mice fed an isocaloric low-fat diet. Therefore, increased proportion of calories from dietary fat further potentiates insulin resistance in the obese state. Furthermore, crossover diet studies revealed that reduction in dietary fat composition improves glucose tolerance in obesity. In the context of the current obesity and diabetes epidemic, it is particularly important to fully understand the role of dietary macronutrients in the potentiation and amelioration of disease.

scholarly journals Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Adela Hlozkova ◽  
Rebecca Fleeman ◽  
Katie Fletcher ◽  
Richard Holubkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Low Fat

Macronutrient composition of the diet influences the development of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the role of dietary fat quantity and fatty acid composition in body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. An open parallel randomized trial design was used. Overweight participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a low-fat vegan (n = 38) or control diet (n = 37) for 16 weeks. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Insulin secretion was assessed after stimulation with a liquid breakfast (Boost Plus, Nestle, Vevey, Switzerland). Self-reported 3-day diet records were used to assess dietary intake. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between fat intake and body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. Changes in fat intake expressed as percent of total energy consumed correlated positively with changes in fat mass (r = 0.52; p < 0.001; and 0.347; p = 0.006, respectively), even after adjustment for changes in body-mass index (BMI) and energy intake (0.33; p = 0.01). Decreased intakes of C18:0 (r = 0.37, p = 0.004) and CLA-trans-10-cis12 (r = 0.40, p = 0.002), but increased intake of C18:2 (r = −0.40, p = 0.002) and C18:3 (p = −0.36, p = 0.006), were associated with a decrease in HOMA-IR, independent on changes in BMI and energy intake. The main fatty acids associated with changes in fasting insulin secretion were C12:0 (r = −0.31, p = 0.03), and TRANS 16:1 (r = −0.33, p = 0.02), both independent on changes in BMI and energy intake. Our findings demonstrate that, in the context of a low-fat vegan diet, decreased intake of saturated and trans fats and increased relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic and α-linolenic acids, are associated with decreased fat mass and insulin resistance, and enhanced insulin secretion.

723-P: Effect of Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat vs. High-Carbohydrate Low-Fat Diet on HbA1c Control in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 723-P
Author(s):  
LINGWANG AN ◽  
DANDAN WANG ◽  
XIAORONG SHI ◽  
CHENHUI LIU ◽  
KUEICHUN YEH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Hba1c Control

scholarly journals Interaction of physical activity and diet: implications for insulin-glucose dynamics

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Diets

AbstractIn Western countries 25–35% of the population have insulin resistance syndrome characteristics.The defects most likely to explain the insulin resistance of the insulin resistance syndrome include: 1) the glucose transport system of skeletal muscle (GLUT-4) and its different signalling proteins and enzymes; 2) glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase; 3) glycogen synthase activity and 4) competition between glucose and fatty acid oxidation (glucose-fatty acid cycle).High carbohydrate/low fat diets deteriorate insulin sensitivity on the short term. Howewer, on the long term, high fat/low carbohydrate diets have a lower satiating power, induce low leptin levels and eventually lead to higher energy consumption, obesity and more insulin resistance. Moderately high-carbohydrate (45–55% of the daily calories)/low-fat diets seem to be a good choice with regard to the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors as far as the carbohydrates are rich in fibers.Long-term interventions with regular exercise programs show a 1/3 decrease in the appearance of overt diabetes in glucose intolerant subjects. Furthermore, diet and exercise interventions "normalise" the mortality rate of patients with impared glucose tolerance.Therefore, moderately high carbohydrate/low fat diets are most likely to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes. Triglycerides should be monitored and, in some cases, a part of the carbohydrates could be replaced by fat rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. However, total caloric intake is of utmost importance, as weight gain is the major determinant for the onset of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.Regular (when possible daily) exercise, decreases cardiovascular risk. With regard to insulin resistance, resistance training seems to offer some advantages over aerobic endurance activities.

scholarly journals GPR40-Deficiency Is Associated with Hepatic FAT/CD36 Upregulation, Steatosis, Inflammation and Cell Injury in C57BL/6 Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyang Lu ◽  
Yanchun Li ◽  
Wing-Kin Syn ◽  
Ai-Jun Li ◽  
S Ritter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Cd36 Expression ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

GPR40 is highly expressed in pancreatic islets and its activation increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreas. Therefore, GPR40 is considered as a target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with T2DM and GPR40 is also expressed by hepatocytes and macrophages, it is important to understand the role of GPR40 in NAFLD. However, the role of GPR40 in NAFLD in animal models has not been well defined. In this study, we fed wild-type or GPR40 knockout C57BL/6 mice high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks and then assessed the effect of GPR40-deficiency on HFD-induced NAFLD. Assays on metabolic parameters showed that HFD increased bodyweight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and GPR40-deficiency did not mitigate the HFD-induced metabolic abnormalities. In contrast, we found that GPR40-deficiency was associated with increased bodyweight, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol and ALT in control mice fed low fat diet (LFD). Surprisingly, histology and Oil Red O staining showed that GPR40-deficiency in LFD-fed mice was associated with steatosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that GPR40-deficiency also increased F4/80, a macrophage biomarker, in LFD-fed mice. Furthermore, results showed that GPR40-deficiency led to a robust upregulation of hepatic fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 expression. Finally, our in vitro studies showed that GPR40 knockdown by siRNA or GPR40 antagonist increased palmitic acid-induced FAT/CD36 mRNA in hepatocytes. Taken together, this study indicates that GPR40 plays an important role in homeostasis of hepatic metabolism and inflammation and inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by possible modulation of FAT/CD36 expression.

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