scholarly journals Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Adela Hlozkova ◽  
Rebecca Fleeman ◽  
Katie Fletcher ◽  
Richard Holubkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Low Fat

Macronutrient composition of the diet influences the development of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the role of dietary fat quantity and fatty acid composition in body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. An open parallel randomized trial design was used. Overweight participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a low-fat vegan (n = 38) or control diet (n = 37) for 16 weeks. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Insulin secretion was assessed after stimulation with a liquid breakfast (Boost Plus, Nestle, Vevey, Switzerland). Self-reported 3-day diet records were used to assess dietary intake. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between fat intake and body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. Changes in fat intake expressed as percent of total energy consumed correlated positively with changes in fat mass (r = 0.52; p < 0.001; and 0.347; p = 0.006, respectively), even after adjustment for changes in body-mass index (BMI) and energy intake (0.33; p = 0.01). Decreased intakes of C18:0 (r = 0.37, p = 0.004) and CLA-trans-10-cis12 (r = 0.40, p = 0.002), but increased intake of C18:2 (r = −0.40, p = 0.002) and C18:3 (p = −0.36, p = 0.006), were associated with a decrease in HOMA-IR, independent on changes in BMI and energy intake. The main fatty acids associated with changes in fasting insulin secretion were C12:0 (r = −0.31, p = 0.03), and TRANS 16:1 (r = −0.33, p = 0.02), both independent on changes in BMI and energy intake. Our findings demonstrate that, in the context of a low-fat vegan diet, decreased intake of saturated and trans fats and increased relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic and α-linolenic acids, are associated with decreased fat mass and insulin resistance, and enhanced insulin secretion.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and metabolic profile in neurologically impaired pediatric surgical patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Pelizzo ◽  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Veronica Carlini ◽  
Mario Fusillo ◽  
Matteo Manuelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Neurologically Impaired

AbstractBackground:Malnutrition is reported in pediatric neuromotor disability and impacts the child’s health. We described the nutritional and metabolic status in neurologically impaired (NI) children undergoing surgery.Methods:Anthropometry, body composition, hormonal and nutritional evaluations were performed in 44 NI subjects (13.7±8.0 years). Energy needs were calculated by Krick’s formula. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined applying the following criteria (≥3 defined MS): fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dL and/or homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) >97.5th percentile, trygliceride level >95th percentile, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level <5th percentile, systolic/diastolic pressure >95th percentile; whilebody mass index – standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) <2 and biochemical malnutrition markers (≥2) defined undernutrition.Results:Energy intake was not adequate in 73.8% of the patients; no correlation between energy intake and BMI was noted. Undernutrition was noted in 34.1% of patients and MS in 11.36% of subjects. Fifty percent of the patients presented with insulin resistance, which was not related to BMI, body composition or other MS components.Conclusions:Nutritional and metabolic monitoring of disabled children and young adults is recommended to prevent adverse outcomes associated with malnutrition.

scholarly journals Effects of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Gut Microbiota in Overweight Individuals and Relationships with Body Weight, Body Composition, and Insulin Sensitivity. A Randomized Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Emilie Rembert ◽  
Jihad Alwarith ◽  
Willy N. Yonas ◽  
Andrea Tura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Vegan Group

Diet modulates gut microbiota and plays an important role in human health. The aim of this study was to test the effect of a low-fat vegan diet on gut microbiota and its association with weight, body composition, and insulin resistance in overweight men and women. We enrolled 168 participants and randomly assigned them to a vegan (n = 84) or a control group (n = 84) for 16 weeks. Of these, 115 returned all gut microbiome samples. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using uBiome Explorer™ kits. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was quantified with the predicted clamp-derived insulin sensitivity index from a standard meal test. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Body weight decreased in the vegan group (treatment effect −5.9 kg [95% CI, −7.0 to −4.9 kg]; p < 0.001), mainly due to a reduction in fat mass (−3.9 kg [95% CI, −4.6 to −3.1 kg]; p < 0.001) and in visceral fat (−240 cm3 [95% CI, −345 to −135 kg]; p < 0.001). PREDIcted M, insulin sensitivity index (PREDIM) increased in the vegan group (treatment effect +0.83 [95% CI, +0.48 to +1.2]; p < 0.001). The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii increased in the vegan group (+5.1% [95% CI, +2.4 to +7.9%]; p < 0.001) and correlated negatively with changes in weight (r = −0.24; p = 0.01), fat mass (r = −0.22; p = 0.02), and visceral fat (r = −0.20; p = 0.03). The relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis decreased in both groups, but less in the vegan group, making the treatment effect positive (+18.9% [95% CI, +14.2 to +23.7%]; p < 0.001), which correlated negatively with changes in weight (r = −0.44; p < 0.001), fat mass (r = −0.43; p < 0.001), and visceral fat (r = −0.28; p = 0.003) and positively with PREDIM (r = 0.36; p < 0.001), so a smaller reduction in Bacteroides fragilis was associated with a greater loss of body weight, fat mass, visceral fat, and a greater increase in insulin sensitivity. A low-fat vegan diet induced significant changes in gut microbiota, which were related to changes in weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight adults, suggesting a potential use in clinical practice.

scholarly journals A Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Overweight Individuals in a 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Carbohydrates

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kahleova ◽  
Sara Dort ◽  
Richard Holubkov ◽  
Neal Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Vegan Group

The effects of carbohydrates on body weight and insulin sensitivity are controversial. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the role of a low-fat, plant-based diet on body weight, body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of changes in carbohydrate intake on body composition and insulin resistance. Participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat (vegan) diet (n = 38) or to maintain their current diet (n = 37). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition. Insulin resistance was assessed with the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. A repeated measure ANOVA model was used to test the between-group differences from baseline to 16 weeks. A linear regression model was used to test the relationship between carbohydrate intake, and body composition and insulin resistance. Weight decreased significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −6.5 [95% CI −8.9 to −4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). Fat mass was reduced in the vegan group (treatment effect −4.3 [95% CI −5.4 to −3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR was reduced significantly in the vegan group (treatment effect −1.0 [95% CI −1.2 to −0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). Changes in consumption of carbohydrate, as a percentage of energy, correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.53, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = −0.55, p < 0.001), volume of visceral fat (r = −0.35, p = 0.006), and HOMA (r = −0.27, p = 0.04). These associations remained significant after adjustment for energy intake. Changes in consumption of total and insoluble fiber correlated negatively with changes in BMI (r = −0.43, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), fat mass (r = −0.42, p < 0.001; and r = −0.46, p < 0.001, respectively), and volume of visceral fat (r = −0.29, p = 0.03; and r = −0.32, p = 0.01, respectively). The associations between total and insoluble fiber and changes in BMI and fat mass remained significant even after adjustment for energy intake. Increased carbohydrate and fiber intake, as part of a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, are associated with beneficial effects on weight, body composition, and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals n-3 PUFA status in school children is associated with beneficial lipid profile, reduced physical activity and increased blood pressure in boys

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1304-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla T. Damsgaard ◽  
Ken D. Stark ◽  
Mads F. Hjorth ◽  
Anja Biltoft-Jensen ◽  
Arne Astrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity

Dietary n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) improve dyslipidaemia and hypertension and may affect insulin resistance and adiposity. Increasing numbers of children show signs of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but few studies have investigated the association with n-3 LC-PUFA status. We examined the relationship between fasting whole-blood EPA or DHA (w/w% of the total fatty acids, FA%) and markers of the MetS (anthropometry, blood pressure, plasma lipids and glucose homeostasis) cross-sectionally in seventy-three 8–11-year-old Danish children from the OPUS School Meal Pilot Study (OPUS is an acronym of the project ‘Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet’ and is supported by a grant from the Nordea Foundation). Also, we explored the potential mediating effects of physical activity and energy intake. Girls had higher body fat percentage (BF%), diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma TAG, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and glycosylated Hb than boys. Sexes did not differ in fish or macronutrient intake or whole-blood fatty acids. After adjustment for sex, age and total whole-blood fatty acid concentration, BF% and HDL:TAG increased with whole-blood EPA (β>0·25, P< 0·05), and HDL increased 0·35 (sem 0·13) mmol/l per FA% EPA increase (β = 0·30, P= 0·008). Unexpectedly, DHA was positively associated with mean arterial pressure in boys (6·3 (sem 1·7) mmHg/FA% DHA increase, β = 0·62, P= 0·001) and reduced physical activity in both sexes ( − 44 (sem 19) counts/min per FA%, β = − 0·22, P= 0·024). The associations with blood pressure and HDL remained after adjustment for physical activity, BF% and energy intake. The present study confirmed the beneficial association between n-3 LC-PUFA status and lipid profile seen in adults, but showed unexpected relationships with physical activity, BF% and blood pressure. This is the third time we have observed such tendencies in Danish children.

scholarly journals Individual free fatty acids have unique associations with inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnant women

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhua Chen ◽  
T Peter Stein ◽  
Robert A Steer ◽  
Theresa O Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveWe investigated the relationships of maternal circulating individual free fatty acids (FFA) with insulin resistance, insulin secretion and inflammatory biomarkers during mid-pregnancy.Research design and methodsThe data were drawn from a prospective cohort of generally healthy pregnant women (n=1368, African-American 36%, Hispanic 48%, Caucasian 16%) in Camden, NJ. We quantitatively determined 11 FFAs, seven cytokine/adipokine, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and C-peptide levels from the fasting blood samples that were collected at 16 weeks of gestation. Multivariate analyses were performed along with separate analyses for each individual FFA.ResultsHigh HOMA-IR (p<0.001) and C-peptide (p<0.0001) levels were positively associated with a twofold to fourfold increased risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Negative relationships were found with specific FFAs (molecular percentage, palmitoleic, oleic, linolenic, myristic acids) and HOMA-IR and C-peptide levels (p<0.01 to p<0.0001). In contrast, palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA) and docosahexaenoic acids were positively associated with HOMA-IR and C-peptide (p<0.01 to p<0.0001). The individual FFAs also predicted cytokine/adipokine levels. For example, women who had elevated DGLA (highest quartile) were twice as (adjusted OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.98) likely to have higher interleukin (IL)-8 (p<0.0001) levels. Conversely, women with high palmitoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid levels had reduced odds (≥2-fold, p<0.01 to p<0.001) for having higher IL-8, IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels.ConclusionOur results suggest that maternal individual FFAs uniquely affect insulin resistance and secretion. The effects are either direct or indirect via modulation of the inflammatory response. Modifying the composition of FFAs may help in reducing the risk of GDM.

scholarly journals Circulating fatty acid profiles are associated with protein energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ban-Hock Khor ◽  
◽  
Sharmela Sahathevan ◽  
Ayesha Sualeheen ◽  
Mohammad Syafiq Md Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

AbstractThe metabolic impact of circulating fatty acids (FAs) in patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) is unknown. We investigated the associations between plasma triglyceride (TG) FAs and markers of inflammation, insulin resistance, nutritional status and body composition. Plasma TG-FAs were measured using gas chromatography in 341 patients on HD (age = 55.2 ± 14.0 years and 54.3% males). Cross-sectional associations of TG-FAs with 13 markers were examined using multivariate linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. Higher levels of TG saturated fatty acids were associated with greater body mass index (BMI, r = 0.230), waist circumference (r = 0.203), triceps skinfold (r = 0.197), fat tissue index (r = 0.150), serum insulin (r = 0.280), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.276), but lower malnutrition inflammation score (MIS, r =  − 0.160). Greater TG monounsaturated fatty acid levels were associated with lower lean tissue index (r =  − 0.197) and serum albumin (r =  − 0.188), but higher MIS (r = 0.176). Higher levels of TG n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were associated with lower MIS (r =  − 0.168) and interleukin-6 concentrations (r =  − 0.115). Higher levels of TG n-6 PUFAs were associated with lower BMI (r =  − 0.149) but greater serum albumin (r = 0.112). In conclusion, TG monounsaturated fatty acids were associated with poor nutritional status, while TG n-3 PUFAs were associated with good nutritional status. On the other hand, TG saturated fatty acids and TG n-6 PUFAs had both favorable and unfavorable associations with nutritional parameters.

Comparison of energy expenditure, body composition, metabolic disorders, and energy intake between obese children with a history of craniopharyngioma and children with multifactorial obesity

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilanit Bomer ◽  
Carola Saure ◽  
Carolina Caminiti ◽  
Javier Gonzales Ramos ◽  
Graciela Zuccaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Mass Percentage

AbstractCraniopharyngioma is a histologically benign brain malformation with a fundamental role in satiety modulation, causing obesity in up to 52% of patients.To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and energy intake in craniopharyngioma patients and to compare the data with those from children with multifactorial obesity.All obese children and adolescents who underwent craniopharyngioma resection and a control group of children with multifactorial obesity in follow-up between May 2012 and April 2013.Anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance, indirect calorimetry, energy intake, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and dyslipidemia were evaluated.Twenty-three patients with craniopharyngioma and 43 controls were included. Children with craniopharyngioma-related obesity had a lower fat-free mass percentage (62.4 vs. 67.5; p=0.01) and a higher fat mass percentage (37.5 vs. 32.5; p=0.01) compared to those with multifactorial obesity. A positive association was found between %REE and %fat-free mass in subjects with multifactorial obesity (68±1% in normal REE vs. 62.6±1% in low REE; p=0.04), but not in craniopharyngioma patients (62±2.7 in normal REE vs. 61.2±1.8% in low REE; p=0.8). No differences were found in metabolic involvement or energy intake.REE was lower in craniopharyngioma patients compared to children with multifactorial obesity regardless of the amount of fat-free mass, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for the lower REE.

scholarly journals Association of vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D3 with insulin and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) in overweight and obese females

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Setayesh ◽  
Krista Casazza ◽  
Nariman Moradi ◽  
Sanaz Mehranfar ◽  
Habib Yarizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Vitamin D Binding Protein ◽  
Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostatic Model

Abstract Objective Equivocal association the contribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the well-accepted role of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) on bioavailability of 25(OH)D or its independent roles, has led to possible association of the VDBP in glucose metabolism. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships among 25(OH)D, VDBP, glucose/insulin metabolism and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Blood samples were collected from 236 obese and overweight women. VDBP and 25(OH)D levels, and biochemical parameters were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An impedance fat analyzer was utilized to acquire the body composition. Results Using the multivariate linear regression, a reverse relationship was observed between VDBP and (HOMA-IR), such that women with higher VDBP displayed lower insulin resistance. The relationship was independent of age, body mass index, standardized energy intake and physical activity (p = 0.00). No significant relationship between 25(OH)D levels, FBS, body composition or insulin resistance were observed (p > 0.2). Current study observed that higher level of VDBP may be associated with lower levels of insulin and HOMA-IR, thus the evaluation of VDBP in diverse population groups seems to have significant clinical value in evaluating the prevalence of DM or early stage of glucose intolerance.

scholarly journals Fasting Blood Glucose Predicts Incidence of Hypertension Independent of HbA1c Levels and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged Japanese: The Saku Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1178-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukako Tatsumi ◽  
Akiko Morimoto ◽  
Kei Asayama ◽  
Nao Sonoda ◽  
Naomi Miyamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Impaired Insulin Secretion ◽  
Impaired Insulin ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Abstract BACKGROUND Relationships between blood glucose (BG) levels and insulin action, and incidence of hypertension have not been well known epidemiologically. This study aimed to investigate the association between indices of diabetes and the incidence of hypertension and compare the predictive powers of these indices in middle-aged Japanese. METHODS This 5-year cohort study included 2,210 Japanese aged 30–64 years without hypertension. Hazard ratios of high fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, high post-loaded BG levels, high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, insulin resistance (defined by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) and impaired insulin secretion at baseline for the incidence of hypertension were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or receiving antihypertensive treatment. RESULTS During the follow-up, 456 participants developed hypertension. After adjustment for HbA1c and HOMA-IR, FBG was independently and significantly associated with hypertension. The hazard ratio of participants with FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l was 1.79 compared with those with FBG < 5.6 mmol/l. Even among those with HbA1c < 6.5%, HOMA-IR < 2.5, body mass index < 25 kg/m2, age < 55 years old, blood pressure < 130/80 mm Hg or non- and moderate drinking, the results were similar. High 120-minute BG level and impaired insulin secretion did not increase the risk for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS FBG was a predictable index for future incidence of hypertension in middle-aged Japanese men and women. This is the first study comparing predictive powers of indices of diabetes for the incidence of hypertension.

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