scholarly journals Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Liang ◽  
Balakrishnan ◽  
Belobrajdic ◽  
Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Dietary Nutrients

Understanding how dietary nutrients modulate the gut microbiome is of great interest for the development of food products and eating patterns for combatting the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this narrative review we assess scientific studies published from 2005 to 2019 that evaluated the effect of micro- and macro-nutrients on the composition of the gut microbiome using in vitro and in vivo models, and human clinical trials. The clinical evidence for micronutrients is less clear and generally lacking. However, preclinical evidence suggests that red wine- and tea-derived polyphenols and vitamin D can modulate potentially beneficial bacteria. Current research shows consistent clinical evidence that dietary fibers, including arabinoxylans, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and oligofructose, promote a range of beneficial bacteria and suppress potentially detrimental species. The preclinical evidence suggests that both the quantity and type of fat modulate both beneficial and potentially detrimental microbes, as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that the type and amount of proteins in the diet has substantial and differential effects on the gut microbiota. Further clinical investigation of the effect of micronutrients and macronutrients on the microbiome and metabolome is warranted, along with understanding how this influences host health.

Gut microbiota metabolizes nabumetone in vitro: Consequences for its bioavailability in vivo in the rodents with altered gut microbiome

Xenobiotica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1296-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Jourova ◽  
Pavel Anzenbacher ◽  
Zuzana Matuskova ◽  
Rostislav Vecera ◽  
Jan Strojil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome

scholarly journals Melatonin as a Reducer of Neuro- and Vasculotoxic Oxidative Stress Induced by Homocysteine

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1178
Author(s):  
Kamil Karolczak ◽  
Cezary Watala
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Initial Research

The antioxidant properties of melatonin can be successfully used to reduce the effects of oxidative stress caused by homocysteine. The beneficial actions of melatonin are mainly due to its ability to inhibit the generation of the hydroxyl radical during the oxidation of homocysteine. Melatonin protects endothelial cells, neurons, and glia against the action of oxygen radicals generated by homocysteine and prevents the structural changes in cells that lead to impaired contractility of blood vessels and neuronal degeneration. It can be, therefore, assumed that the results obtained in experiments performed mainly in the in vitro models and occasionally in animal models may clear the way to clinical applications of melatonin in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, who exhibit a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease) and cardiovascular diseases of atherothrombotic etiology. However, the results that have been obtained so far are scarce and have seldom been performed on advanced in vivo models. All findings predominately originate from the use of in vitro models and the scarcity of clinical evidence is huge. Thus, this mini-review should be considered as a summary of the outcomes of the initial research in the field concerning the use of melatonin as a possibly efficient attenuator of oxidative stress induced by homocysteine.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Relevance of the Canine Model: A Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Ambrosini ◽  
Dana Borcherding ◽  
Anumantha Kanthasamy ◽  
Hyun Jung Kim ◽  
Albert Jergens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Amyloid A

Identifying appropriate animal models is critical in developing translatable in vitro and in vivo systems for therapeutic development and investigating disease pathophysiology. These animal models should have direct biological and translational relevance to the underlying disease they are supposed to mimic. Aging dogs naturally develop a cognitive decline in many aspects including learning and memory, but also exhibit human-like individual variability in the aging process. Neurodegenerative processes that can be observed in both human and canine brains include the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) found as diffuse plaques in the prefrontal cortex, including the gyrus proreus, the hippocampus, and in the cerebral vasculature. A growing body of epidemiological data shows that human patients with neurodegenerative diseases have concurrent intestinal lesions, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract occurs decades that evolve before neurodegenerative changes. Gut microbiome alterations also have been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and inflammatory CNS diseases. Interestingly, only recently has the dog gut microbiome been recognized to more closely resemble in composition and in functional overlap with the human gut microbiome as compared to rodent models. This article aims to review the physiology of the gut-brain axis (GBA), and its involvement with neurodegenerative diseases in dogs and humans. Additionally, we outline the advantages and disadvantages of traditional in vitro and in vivo models and discuss future research directions investigating major human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases using dogs.

scholarly journals Bench to bedside radiosensitizer development strategy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Degorre ◽  
Philip Tofilon ◽  
Kevin Camphausen ◽  
Peter Mathen
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Hdac Inhibitors ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Phase Iii Trials ◽  
Investigational Agents

AbstractGlioblastoma is the most common primary brain malignancy and carries with it a poor prognosis. New agents are urgently needed, however nearly all Phase III trials of GBM patients of the past 25 years have failed to demonstrate improvement in outcomes. In 2019, the National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials and Translational Research Advisory Committee (CTAC) Glioblastoma Working Group (GBM WG) identified 5 broad areas of research thought to be important in the development of new herapeutics for GBM. Among those was optimizing radioresponse for GBM in situ. One such strategy to increase radiation efficacy is the addition of a radiosensitizer to improve the therapeutic ratio by enhancing tumor sensitivity while ideally having minimal to no effect on normal tissue. Historically the majority of trials using radiosensitizers have been unsuccessful, but they provide important guidance in what is required to develop agents more efficiently. Improved target selection is essential for a drug to provide maximal benefit, and once that target is identified it must be validated through pre-clinical studies. Careful selection of appropriate in vitro and in vivo models to demonstrate increased radiosensitivity and suitable bioavailability are then necessary to prove that a drug warrants advancement to clinical investigation. Once investigational agents are validated pre-clinically, patient trials require consistency both in terms of planning study design as well as reporting efficacy and toxicity in order to assess the potential benefit of the drug. Through this paper we hope to outline strategies for developing effective radiosensitizers against GBM using as models the examples of XPO1 inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors developed from our own lab.

scholarly journals Concentrated Raw Fibers Enhance the Fiber-Degrading Capacity of a Synthetic Human Gut Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Steimle ◽  
Mareike Neumann ◽  
Erica Grant ◽  
Jonathan D Turner ◽  
Mahesh S Desai
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Prebiotic Fibers

Consumption of prebiotic fibers to modulate the human gut microbiome is a promising strategy to positively impact health. Nevertheless, given the compositional complexity of the microbiome and its inter-individual variances, generalized recommendations on the source or amount of fiber supplements remain vague. This problem is further compounded by availability of tractable in vitro and in vivo models to validate certain fibers. We employed a gnotobiotic mouse model containing an a priori characterized 14-member synthetic human gut microbiome (SM) for their ability to metabolize a suit of fibers in vitro; the SM contains 14 different strains belonging to five distinct phyla. Since soluble purified fibers have been a common subject of studies, we specifically investigated the effects of concentrated raw fibers (CRFs)—containing fibers from pea, oat, psyllium, wheat and apple—on the compositional and functional alterations in the SM. We demonstrate that, compared to a fiber-free diet, CRF supplementation increased the abundance of fiber-degraders namely Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia intestinalis and Bacteroides ovatus and decreased the abundance of the mucin-degrader Akkermansia muciniphila. These results were corroborated by a general increase of bacterial fiber-degrading α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Overall, our results highlight the ability of CRFs to enhance the microbial fiber-degrading capacity.

Models for Assessing Powered Toothbrushes

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Van der Weijden
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Research Model ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Model View

The continued development of the power toothbrush over the last 25 years has led to some present-day models that demonstrate increased efficacy in plaque removal compared with a manual brush. The wealth of clinical data that supports these claims has a reference to both in vitro and in vivo models. An overview of performance evidence compared with manual toothbrushes must also be considered from a research model view. The issue of power toothbrush safety in relation to soft tissue abrasion will offer an opportunity for the review of the scientific facts behind any fictitious "hype". Specific studies will provide clinical evidence on power toothbrush safety and performance. This paper will consider implications of the evidence for the use of powered toothbrushes in clinical practice and will emphasize the current consensus of clinical opinion in the light of scientific evidence.

scholarly journals Concentrated Raw Fibers Enhance the Fiber-Degrading Capacity of a Synthetic Human Gut Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6855
Author(s):  
Alex Steimle ◽  
Mareike Neumann ◽  
Erica T. Grant ◽  
Jonathan D. Turner ◽  
Mahesh S. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
General Increase ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Prebiotic Fibers

The consumption of prebiotic fibers to modulate the human gut microbiome is a promising strategy to positively impact health. Nevertheless, given the compositional complexity of the microbiome and its inter-individual variances, generalized recommendations on the source or amount of fiber supplements remain vague. This problem is further compounded by availability of tractable in vitro and in vivo models to validate certain fibers. We employed a gnotobiotic mouse model containing a 14-member synthetic human gut microbiome (SM) in vivo, characterized a priori for their ability to metabolize a collection of fibers in vitro. This SM contains 14 different strains belonging to five distinct phyla. Since soluble purified fibers have been a common subject of studies, we specifically investigated the effects of dietary concentrated raw fibers (CRFs)—containing fibers from pea, oat, psyllium, wheat and apple—on the compositional and functional alterations in the SM. We demonstrate that, compared to a fiber-free diet, CRF supplementation increased the abundance of fiber-degraders, namely Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia intestinalis and Bacteroides ovatus and decreased the abundance of the mucin-degrader Akkermansia muciniphila. These results were corroborated by a general increase of bacterial fiber-degrading α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Overall, our results highlight the ability of CRFs to enhance the microbial fiber-degrading capacity.

scholarly journals Resistance and Vulnerability of Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Gut Bacteria to Commonly Used Pesticides

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cuesta-Maté ◽  
Justinn Renelies-Hamilton ◽  
Per Kryger ◽  
Annette Bruun Jensen ◽  
Veronica M. Sinotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Honeybee Health

Agricultural and apicultural practices expose honeybees to a range of pesticides that have the potential to negatively affect their physiology, neurobiology, and behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that these effects extend to the honeybee gut microbiome, which serves important functions for honeybee health. Here we test the potential effects of the pesticides thiacloprid, acetamiprid, and oxalic acid on the gut microbiota of honeybees, first in direct in vitro inhibition assays and secondly in an in vivo caged bee experiment to test if exposure leads to gut microbiota community changes. We found that thiacloprid did not inhibit the honeybee core gut bacteria in vitro, nor did it affect overall community composition or richness in vivo. Acetamiprid did also not inhibit bacterial growth in vitro, but it did affect community structure within bees. The eight bacterial genera tested showed variable levels of susceptibility to oxalic acid in vitro. In vivo, treatment with this pesticide reduced amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness and affected gut microbiome composition, with most marked impact on the common crop bacteria Lactobacillus kunkeei and the genus Bombella. We conducted network analyses which captured known associations between bacterial members and illustrated the sensitivity of the microbiome to environmental stressors. Our findings point to risks of honeybee exposure to oxalic acid, which has been deemed safe for use in treatment against Varroa mites in honeybee colonies, and we advocate for more extensive assessment of the long-term effects that it may have on honeybee health.

scholarly journals Insights into the Role of the Microbiota and of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3621
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Di Fede ◽  
Emerenziana Ottaviano ◽  
Paolo Grazioli ◽  
Camilla Ceccarani ◽  
Antonio Galeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
In Vivo Models

The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota, acts as a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. We assessed possible ameliorative effects of butyrate, relative to other HDAC inhibitors, in in vitro and in vivo models of Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the genes encoding the histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300. In RSTS cell lines, butyrate led to the patient-specific rescue of acetylation defects at subtoxic concentrations. Remarkably, we observed that the commensal gut microbiota composition in a cohort of RSTS patients is significantly depleted in butyrate-producing bacteria compared to healthy siblings. We demonstrate that the effects of butyrate and the differences in microbiota composition are conserved in a Drosophila melanogaster mutant for CBP, enabling future dissection of the gut–host interactions in an in vivo RSTS model. This study sheds light on microbiota composition in a chromatinopathy, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions.

Evaluation of the Effect of Epilobium angustifolium Aqueous Extract on LNCaP Cell Proliferation in In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (14/15) ◽  
pp. 1159-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Piwowarski ◽  
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak ◽  
Iwona Stanisławska ◽  
Wojciech Bielecki ◽  
Robert Wrzesien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Lncap Cells ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Epilobium Angustifolium ◽  
Oenothein B

Abstract Epilobium sp. are commonly used in traditional medicine in the treatment of early stages of benign prostatic hyperplasia and inflammation. It is suggested that a dominating constituent, oenothein B, is responsible for the extracts therapeutic effects. Several bioactivities were established for extracts and oenothein B in various in vitro models, but due to the questionable bioavailability of this dimeric macrocyclic ellagitannin, their significance in the in vivo effects remains unresolved. We have thus focused our attention on a complex comparative investigation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of phytochemically characterized Epilobium angustifolium aqueous extract and oenothein B on prostate cancer cells proliferation.Incubation of different cell lines with E. angustifolium aqueous extract resulted in a significant reduction of proliferation of PZ-HPV-7 and LNCaP cells, which was partly associated with antiandrogenic activity. These effects were fully congruent with oenothein B, examined in parallel. Oral supplementation of rats implanted with LNCaP cells with E. angustifolium aqueous extract 50–200 mg/kg b. w. resulted in a reduction of the occurrence of prostatic adenoma up to 13 %. Oenothein B was not detected in the urine and feces of the E. angustifolium aqueous extract-treated group, however, conjugates of nasutins gut microbiota metabolites of ellagitannins were detected in the urine, while in human volunteers supplemented with Epilobium tea, only urolithin conjugates were present.Despite observing significant and consistent effects in vitro and in vivo, we were unable to point out unequivocally the factors contributing to the observed E. angustifolium aqueous extract activity, facing the problems of an unknown metabolic fate of oenothein B and interspecies differences in E. angustifolium aqueous extract gut microbiota metabolism.

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