Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison

The growing number of women, who are characterized by restrictive and bulimic behaviours towards their own body is observed especially in countries influenced by Westernalization. However, there is a lack of cross-cultural studies in this area. The main aim of the present study was to examine the psychological and socio-cultural risk factors for eating disorders in Polish and Japanese women. A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 18- to 29-year old Polish (n = 89) and Japanese (n = 97) women. The variables were measured using the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale SATAQ-3, and the Eating Disorders Inventory EDI-3. The descriptive and comparative statistics, Spearman’s rho, and the stepwise regression analysis were used. The global internalization of socio-cultural standards of body image proved to be a significant predictor of Body Dissatisfaction among Polish and Japanese women. The main analysis showed a significant relation between the Drive for Thinness and Interoceptive Deficits in the group of Japanese women, as well as a correlation between Drive for Thinness and Asceticism in the group of Polish women. The obtained results could improve the prevention aimed the dysfunctional eating behaviours. However, the cultural nuances need to be considered in understanding the risk factors for eating disorders.

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A Mediational Model of Autonomy, Self-Esteem, and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behaviors

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00468.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 217-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Christina M. Frederick ◽

Virginia M. Grow

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

College Women ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Drive For Thinness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eating Disordered ◽

Mediational Model ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Eating Disordered Behaviors

This study expands upon existing literature by examining how the relationship between autonomy deficits and low self-esteem may create a psychological environment conducive to the development of eating disordered behaviors. Findings supported a mediational model to account for eating disordered behaviors in 71 college women. In this model, lack of autonomy was related to decreased global self-esteem, which in turn was associated with bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness. Although only tentative and cross-sectional in nature, this study is of particular importance because it links autonomy and self-esteem in a coherent model predictive of eating disordered behaviors in college women. Developmental aspects of eating disorders and treatment implications are discussed.

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Undue influence of weight and shape: is it distinct from body dissatisfaction and concern about weight and shape?

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291710001066 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 819-828 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

T. D. Wade ◽

G. Zhu ◽

N. G. Martin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Self Report ◽

Undue Influence ◽

Diagnostic Criterion

BackgroundThree cognitive constructs are risk factors for eating disorders: undue influence of weight and shape, concern about weight and shape, and body dissatisfaction (BD). Undue influence, a diagnostic criterion for eating disorders, is postulated to be closely associated with self-esteem whereas BD is postulated to be closely associated with body mass index (BMI). We understand less about the relationships with concern about weight and shape. The aim of the current investigation was examine the degree of overlap across these five phenotypes in terms of latent genetic and environmental risk factors in order to draw some conclusions about the similarities and differences across the three cognitive variables.MethodA sample of female Australian twins (n=1056, including 348 complete pairs), mean age 35 years (s.d.=2.11, range 28–40), completed a semi-structured interview about eating pathology and self-report questionnaires. An independent pathways model was used to investigate the overlap of genetic and environmental risk factors for the five phenotypes.ResultsIn terms of variance that was not shared with other phenotypes, self-esteem emerged as being separate, with 100% of its variance unshared with the other phenotypes, followed by undue influence (51%) and then concern (34%), BD (28%) and BMI (32%).ConclusionsIn terms of shared genetic risk, undue influence and concern were more closely related than BD, whereas BMI and BD were found to share common sources of risk. With respect to environmental risk factors, concern, BMI and BD were more closely related to each other than to undue influence.

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Risk Factors for Eating Disorders Among Male Adolescent Athletes / Dejavniki Tveganja Motenj Hranjenja Med Športniki V Adolescenci

Slovenian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1515/sjph-2015-0008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 58-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suzana Pustivšek ◽

Vedran Hadžić ◽

Edvin Dervišević

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Male Adolescent ◽

Adolescent Athletes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Male Adolescents ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Training Frequency ◽

And Training

Abstract Objective. Eating disorders (ED) are an important and increasing problem in adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors and the prevalence of risk for ED among male adolescent elite athletes and nonathletic controls. Differences between male athletes competing in aerobic, anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic sports were examined as well. Methods. This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey and anthropometric measurements were conducted on 351 adolescents (athletes n = 228; controls n = 123). All participants were aged 15-17 at the time of measuring. Risk for ED was determined using a SCOFF questionnaire. Results. The overall prevalence of the risk for ED in male adolescents was 24.8%, with no significant differences among athletes and controls or different subgroups of athletes (p>0.05), although the highest prevalence (37.2%) was registered in aerobic subgroup of athletes. Higher number of attempts to lose weight was associated with increased risk of ED in each group (athletes and controls). Other predictors referred to lack of breakfast and body composition in aerobic subgroup of athletes and number of meals and training frequency in anaerobic subgroup. The most common reasons for dieting were improvement of sport results (19.6-44.2%) and better self-esteem (41.5%) in athletes and controls respectively. Conclusions. Participation in the competitive sport itself is not associated with the increased risk for ED. It seems that risk factors for ED for adolescent athletes competing in aerobic and anaerobic sports represent a subject that deserves consideration and further investigation in the future

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Characterization of eating behavior disorders in school-aged children and adolescents: a population-based study

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2015-0087 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Márcia Tenório de Souza Cavalcanti ◽

Ilma Kruze Grande de Arruda ◽

Emilly Anne Cardoso Moreno de Lima ◽

Waldemar Brandão Neto ◽

Estela Maria Leite Meirelles Monteiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Image ◽

Female Gender ◽

The Body ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eating Pattern ◽

Compulsive Eating ◽

Restrictive Eating ◽

School Aged Children

Abstract Objective: Cross-sectional study to assess the characteristics of the risk behaviors for eating disorders (EDs) in school children between 10 and 14 years of age in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: 1405 school-aged children were assessed, using the Eating Behaviours and Body Image Test (EBBIT) to screen for EDs. The normality of the continuing variables was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction. They were described as medians and interquartile intervals (25 and 75th percentiles). Results: The criteria that represented a condition of anorexia and/or bulimia nervosa were considered as strong indicators of risk for EDs in school-aged children who indicated the following behaviors with scores superior to the 75th percentile on the scales: “compulsive eating” 3.0% (CI95% 2.2–4.0); “dissatisfaction with body image/restrictive eating” 1.3% (CI95% 0.8–2.0); children scoring superior to the 30th percentile, “compulsive eating” + “dissatisfaction with body image/restrictive eating”, 0.6% (CI95% 0.3–1.2); and superior to the 50th percentile; “compensatory behavior for hyperphagia” 6.7% (CI95% 5.4–8.1). In addition, greater vulnerability of the female gender was perceived, as well as an increase in the preliminary risk factors of EDs, such as advanced age, dissatisfaction with the body image linked to restrictive behaviors and the compulsive establishment of an eating pattern. Conclusion: This study shows the dimension of the problem in this ecological context and the urgent need for intervention programs, developed among different sectors, from the perspective of the adolescents’ empowerment to prevent and minimize the vulnerability factors of the eating disorders.

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A cross-sectional examination of the simultaneous association of four emotion regulation strategies with abnormal eating behaviours among women in Japan

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-021-00477-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yasuo Murayama ◽

Aiko Ohya

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Positive Association ◽

Japanese Version ◽

Drive For Thinness ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Bulimic Symptoms ◽

Abnormal Eating ◽

Regulation Strategies

Abstract Background Research has suggested an association between emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) and abnormal eating behaviours/attitudes (AEB), and many studies have examined the association of one particular ERS with AEB. Additionally, different ERSs are reported to be strongly correlated with each other. Therefore, the associations between an individual ERS and AEB, reported previously, may be spurious. The present cross-sectional study aims to examine the simultaneous associations of four ERSs (brooding, reflection, expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal) with AEB in a sample of women in Japan. Methods The participants comprised 1528 Japanese women (Mage = 40.65 years, SDage = 10.22 years, range 21–59). They self-reported the frequency at which they use these ERSs, their levels of AEB (i.e. drive for thinness, bulimic symptoms), and the confounding variables (e.g. psychological distress and BMI) online. AEB was measured using the Japanese version of the 91-item Eating Disorder Inventory; brooding and reflection were measured using the Japanese version of the Rumination Response Scale; individual differences in the use of reappraisal and expression suppression was measured using the Japanese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (J-ERQ); and participants’ psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 6 Japanese version (K6-J). Results Correlation analyses revealed that all ERSs were positively correlated with AEB. However, regression analyses revealed inconsistent findings. In the regression model, after controlling for the confounding variables, only brooding indicated a positive association with the drive for thinness. Regarding bulimic symptoms, all ERSs showed a positive association, except reappraisal, which had a weak, negative association. Conclusion These results suggest that brooding is related to the symptom levels of both eating disorders among women, whereas, the other ERSs are related to those of bulimic symptoms only. However, further research is required to clarify the causal relations between AEB and ERSs.

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Pengaruh Pelatihan berpikir positif pada ketidakpuasan terhadap citra tubuh (body Image Dissatisfaction)

Psikoislamika : Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam ◽

10.18860/psi.v10i1.6357 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Akhmad Mukhlis

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Image ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽

T Test ◽

The Body ◽

Eating Disorders Inventory ◽

Paired T Test

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauhmana pengaruh pelatihan berpikir positif terhadap ketidakpuasan terhadap citra tubuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka teori yang mengacu pada the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) yang disusun oleh Garner dkk.. Subjek adalah remaja perempuan sekolah menengah atas. Subjek memiliki skor EDI-2 tinggi dan bersedia menjadi subjek dibagi kedalam kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek kemudian diminta untuk mengisi EDI-2 sebanyak dua kali yaitu sebelum terapi (pretest), sesaat setelah terapi (posttest) serta diminta untuk menuliskan perkembangan emosinya selama pelatihan. Data dalam penelitian berupa data kuantitatif yang dilengkapi dengan data kualitatif untuk menguatkan penjelasan proses terapi, khususnya dari sisi subjek. Data kuantitatif kemudian dianalisis dengan uji-t dua sampel independen (Independent Sample t-test) dan uji berpasangan (Paired t-test) dengan bantuan program SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok eksperimen terdapat perbedaan yang sangat signifikan antara skor EDI-2 pada saat posttest dibandingkan dengan saat pretest peningkatan skor sebesar 17,62 dan p = 0,000 (p < 0,05), sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak ada perbedaan skor yang signifikan (p=0.824). Mengenai hasil-hasil temuan penelitian tersebut akan dipaparkan secara lebih luas di dalam diskusi

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Disordered Eating Behaviours and Eating Disorders in Women in Australia with and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8101682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1682 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephanie Pirotta ◽

Mary Barillaro ◽

Leah Brennan ◽

Angela Grassi ◽

Yvonne Jeanes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional

Psychological co-morbidities common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may contribute to disordered eating and subsequent weight gain. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of disordered eating and a range of eating disorders and demographic risk factors associated with these behaviours within an Australian group of women with and without PCOS. Data from 899 women with (n = 501) and without (n = 398) PCOS were analysed as possibly indicative of disordered eating or eating disorders using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Disordered eating (p = 0.012) but not eating disorders (p = 0.076) were more prevalent in women with PCOS compared to controls. Increased body mass index (BMI) [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.03; 95%; Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01, 1.05, p = 0.012] and older age [OR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.08, p = 0.002] but not PCOS diagnosis [OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 0.96, 2.13 p = 0.078] increased the odds of disordered eating. Increased BMI [OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.06, p < 0.001] and younger age [OR: -0.95; 95%CI: 0.93–0.95, p < 0.001] but not PCOS diagnosis [OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.95, p = 0.076] increased the odds of an eating disorder. Clinicians are recommended to screen all women with PCOS for possible disordered eating behaviours, with particular attention to women with elevated BMI.

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Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice’s Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2015.58 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pablo Ruisoto ◽

Raúl Cacho ◽

José J. López-Goñi ◽

Eulogio Real Deus ◽

Silvia Vaca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

Social Pressure ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Main Risk Factor ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractSome females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p < .05), but no gender differences were found in their degree of body thin internalization (p > .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p < .01). Participants with higher BMI reported greater social pressure to be thin than those with lower BMI (p < .05). However, females engaged in dietary restraint, the main risk factor for eating disorders, regardless of their BMI (p > .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed.

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Evaluation of Orthorexia Nervosa and Symptomatology Associated with Eating Disorders among European University Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123716 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3716 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Brytek-Matera ◽

María Dolores Onieva-Zafra ◽

María Laura Parra-Fernández ◽

Anna Staniszewska ◽

Justyna Modrzejewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorder ◽

University Students ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Orthorexia Nervosa ◽

Drive For Thinness ◽

Eating Disorder Inventory ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship ◽

European University

The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate prevalence of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in university students in Spain and Poland, (2) assess differences in ON and eating disorder (ED) pathology in both samples and (3) examine the relationship between ON and ED symptoms among Spanish and Polish university students. Eight hundred and sixty university students participated in the present study (Mage = 21.17 ± 3.38; MBMI = 22.57 ± 3.76). The Spanish and Polish samples comprised 485 and 375 students, respectively. The Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory were used in the present study. ON prevalence rates of 2.3% and 2.9%, respectively, are found in the Spanish and Polish samples. Compared to Polish students, Spanish university students reported increased drive for thinness and lower body dissatisfaction, lower level of ineffectiveness and lower level of interpersonal distrust. ON was positively related to drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism interoceptive awareness (in both Spanish and Polish students) and ineffectiveness (in Spanish students). Our findings suggest that ON significantly overlaps with ED symptoms, which is in line with recent studies. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess how ON develops in a sample of young adults and whether it develops in isolation of or in parallel with ED pathology.

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