The Effects of Different Degrees of Carbohydrate Restriction and Carbohydrate Replacement on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Humans—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) often differ in their diet composition, which may lead to conflicting results between randomized controlled trials. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of different degrees of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction on cardiometabolic risk markers in humans. The experimental LCDs of 37 human trials were classified as (1) moderate-low CHO diets (<45–40 E%, n = 13), (2) low CHO diets (<40–30 E%, n = 16), and (3) very-low CHO diets (<30–3 E%; n = 8). Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in selected risk markers were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses. Differences between the LCD groups were assessed with univariate meta-regression analyses. Overall, the LCDs resulted in significant weight loss, reduced diastolic blood pressure BP, and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), without significant differences between the three LCD groups. Higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were found with the very-low CHO diets compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Decreases in triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations were more pronounced with the low and very-low CHO diets, compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Substitution of CHO by mainly saturated fatty acids (SFAs) increased total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C concentrations. Except for LDL-C and TAGs, effects were not related to the degree of CHO restriction. Potential effects of nutrient exchanges should be considered when following LCDs.

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Impact of the Apolipoprotein E (epsilon) Genotype on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers and Responsiveness to Acute and Chronic Dietary Fat Manipulation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2044 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kumari M. Rathnayake ◽

Michelle Weech ◽

Kim G. Jackson ◽

Julie A. Lovegrove

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fat ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Apoe Genotype ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

The Impact ◽

Volume Pulse ◽

Digital Volume Pulse

Apolipoprotein (APO) E (ε) genotype is considered to play an important role in lipid responses to dietary fat manipulation but the impact on novel cardiometabolic risk markers is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between the APOE genotype and cardiometabolic risk markers in response to acute and chronic dietary fat intakes. Associations with fasting (baseline) outcome measures (n = 218) were determined using data from the chronic DIVAS (n = 191/195 adults at moderate cardiovascular disease risk) and acute DIVAS-2 (n = 27/32 postmenopausal women) studies examining the effects of diets/meals varying in saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid composition. Participants were retrospectively genotyped for APOE (rs429358, rs7412). For baseline cardiometabolic outcomes, E4 carriers had higher fasting total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C: HDL-C ratios, but lower C-reactive protein (CRP) than E3/E3 and E2 carriers (p ≤ 0.003). Digital volume pulse stiffness index was higher in E2 carriers than the E3/E3 group (p = 0.011). Following chronic dietary fat intake, the significant diet × genotype interaction was found for fasting triacylglycerol (p = 0.010), with indication of a differential responsiveness to MUFA intake between the E3/E3 and E4 carriers (p = 0.006). Test fat × genotype interactions were observed for the incremental area under the curve for the postprandial apolipoprotein B (apoB; p = 0.022) and digital volume pulse reflection index (DVP-RI; p = 0.030) responses after the MUFA-rich meals, with a reduction in E4 carriers and increase in the E3/E3 group for the apoB response, but an increase in E4 carriers and decrease in the E3/E3 group for the DVP-RI response. In conclusion, baseline associations between the APOE genotype and fasting lipids and CRP confirm previous findings, although a novel interaction with digital volume pulse arterial stiffness was observed in the fasted state and differential postprandial apoB and DVP-RI responses after the MUFA-rich meals. The reported differential impact of the APOE genotype on cardiometabolic markers in the acute and chronic state requires confirmation.

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Lipid Profile an Important Risk Factor in Patients with Ovarian Tumors: A-Meta-Analysis

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports ◽

10.31579/2690-1919/220 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Adelina Clim ◽

Lonel Nati ◽

Flaviu Ionut Faur ◽

Amadeus Dobrescu

Keyword(s):

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ovarian Tumor ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Ovarian Tumors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density

Introduction In the literature ovarian tumors are know to be one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies [1-4]. In US this type of malignancy represents 2.3 % of all cancer-related death and about 4 % of all new cancer cases among women. There are several studies that have reported the role of lipid profiles and it’s role in ovarian tumorigenesis. Fatty acids are essential for cancer cells progression[4-8]. In our study we investigated the true differance in circulating lipid profiles (total cholesterol TC, triglyceride TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL) among patients with and without ovarian tumors (OT) using a meta-analytical approach. Methods The meta-analysis was conducted using the MOOSE guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were extensively searched (with a period of publication restriction between 2007 and 2019) to indentify published studies using the following keywords: “ total cholesterol ”, “high-density lipoprotein”, “ triglycerides ”, “ low-density lipoprotein ”, “ ovarian cancer”, “ ovarian tumor ”, “ lipid profile ”. The search methodology is shown in Fig. 1 and all references of retrieved articles were searched manually. Results Seven studies, involving 1542 OT cases and 2195 non-cases of OT were included in this meta-analysis and I² statistics ranged between 97 and 99%. Mean circulating TC and HDL were significantly lower among OT cases compared to non-OT cases (P<0.04 and P<0.005). Conclusion There is a modest significant association between circulating HDL and risk of ovarian tumor but it is crucial to elucidate the implications of HDL in tumor manifestations and growth.

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Effects of an Indoor Cycling Program on Cardiometabolic Factors in Women with Obesity vs. Normal Body Weight

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17238718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (23) ◽

pp. 8718

Author(s):

Marzena Ratajczak ◽

Damian Skrypnik ◽

Piotr Krutki ◽

Joanna Karolkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Normal Body Weight

The study aimed to provide evidence on the impact of indoor cycling (IC) in reducing cardiometabolic risk factors. The study compares the effects of a 3 month IC program involving three 55 min sessions per week on women aged 40–60 years, with obesity (OW, n = 18) vs. women with normal body weight (NW, n = 8). At baseline and at the end of the study, anthropometric parameters, oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), and serum parameters: glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), insulin, human anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibody (OLAb), total blood antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) were determined. Before the intervention, VO2 peak and HDL-C levels were significantly lower and levels of TG, LAP, insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP were significantly higher in the OW group compared to those in the NW group. After the intervention, only the OW group saw a decrease in body mass, total cholesterol, OLAb, TBARS, and CRP concentration and an increase in total body skeletal muscle mass and HDL-C concentration. In response to the IC training, measured indicators in the OW group were seen to approach the recommended values, but all between-group differences remained significant. Our results demonstrate that IC shows promise for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors, especially dyslipidemia. After 12 weeks of regular IC, the metabolic function of the OW group adapted in many aspects to be more like that of the NW group.

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Abstract 13507: The Role of Weight Loss in Mediating the Effects of a 2-year Caloric Restriction Regimen on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Individuals Without Obesity

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.13507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

James L Dorling ◽

Leanne Redman ◽

Eric Ravussin ◽

Kim Huffman ◽

Susan B RACETTE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Mediation Analyses ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Caloric restriction (CR) improves cardiometabolic risk, even among individuals without obesity. However, it is unclear whether these aging-related benefits are mediated by weight loss. Mediation analyses inform mechanisms underlying relationships between an exposure and outcome. Using mediation analyses, our aim was to test if 2-year weight loss mediates the beneficial effects of CR on cardiometabolic risk markers in individuals without obesity. Methods: Participants without obesity were randomized 2:1 to CR or ad libitum (AL) as part of the 2-year trial, Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE). The CR group aimed to enact 25% CR for 2 years, while AL maintained habitual energy intake. Baseline and year 2 assessments included weight and cardiometabolic risk markers. Using the approaches of Valeri and VanderWeele, mediation was quantified as the natural indirect effect (NIE), defined as the impact of an exposure on an outcome through a mediator. Here, the NIE was the effect of CR (exposure) on cardiometabolic risk markers (outcome) that was accounted for by weight change (mediator). Results: In total, 117 and 71 participants in the CR and AL groups, respectively, completed the trial. The CR group achieved 11.9 (± 0.7)% CR and 7.6 (± 0.3) kg of weight loss ( P < 0.01 versus AL). Weight loss significantly mediated the CR-induced improvements in total cholesterol (NIE = -10.4 ± 3.5 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NIE = -8.5 ± 2.8 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NIE = 2.9 ± 1.3 mg/dL), triglycerides (NIE = -0.20 ± 0.05 log mg/dL), the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (NIE = -0.22 ± 0.06), and C-reactive protein (NIE = -0.39 ± 0.15 log ug/mL) ( P ≤ 0.02). Weight loss did not mediate CR-induced reductions in systolic (NIE = -0.9 ± 1.4 mmHg) and diastolic (NIE = -1.0 ± 1.1 mmHg) blood pressure ( P ≥ 0.37). Conclusion: In individuals without obesity, CR-induced improvements in multiple cardiometabolic risk markers are driven by weight loss after 2 years. These findings emphasize that, even in individuals without obesity, weight loss after prolonged CR plays a role in improving cardiometabolic disease risk; however, some CR benefits still occur independent of weight loss.

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The Effects of Linoleic Acid on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab041_010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 495-495

Author(s):

Erik Froyen ◽

Bonny Burns-Whitmore

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Intervention Trials

Abstract Objectives Review human intervention trials that investigated the effects of linoleic acid (LA), the essential omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), on lipid risk markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy individuals. These major lipid risk markers include high serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), and low serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), as well as lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein A1 (associated with HDL), and apolipoprotein B (associated with LDL). The mechanisms by which LA affects these lipid risk markers and dietary recommendations for LA in decreasing lipid risk markers are discussed. Methods PubMed was used to search for peer-reviewed journal articles on the effects of LA on lipid risk markers for cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals. The search process took place from April to June of 2020. Articles were included if the amount of LA consumed, in grams or percentage of energy, was discussed in relation to cardiovascular disease during an intervention trial. Observational, postprandial and animal studies were excluded. Results According to reviewed human intervention trials, the following were the major findings: 1) LA decreased total cholesterol compared to diets not containing significant amounts of PUFAs; 2) LA decreased LDL-C compared to saturated fatty acids; 3) LA decreased VLDL-C compared to oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA); 4) there were inconsistent results regarding LA consumption on TGs; and 5) HDL-C did not differ compared to oleic acid. Conclusions A dietary strategy to decrease CVD risk factors is to replace a portion of saturated fatty acids with MUFAs and PUFAs. To our knowledge, this is the first review to demonstrate that consumption of LA decreases lipid risk markers for CVD in healthy individuals during intervention trials. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate adequate sources of LA, such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds into the diet to decrease lipid risk markers for CVD. Funding Sources No funding was used for this project.

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Association between the consumption of antioxidant nutrients with lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-98652018000200005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 183-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Larisse Monteles NASCIMENTO ◽

Keila Rejane Oliveira GOMES ◽

Marcio Denis Medeiros MASCARENHAS ◽

Cassio Eduardo Soares MIRANDA ◽

Telma Maria Evangelista de ARAÚJO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Levels

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at validating the associations between the consumption of antioxidant nutrients as well as lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study included 327 adolescents aged 14-19 years. Sociodemographic and dietary information, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and biochemical data were obtained. Cardiometabolic risk was calculated by aggregating the risk factors, which were expressed as the sum of Z-scores. Poisson regression was performed to estimate the prevalence ratios. Results In boys, low intake of zinc was associated with elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas it was associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in girls, thus indicating a cardiometabolic risk. Furthermore, low intake of copper was associated with high triglyceride levels and cardiometabolic risk in girls. The high prevalence ratios of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels and cardiometabolic risk were higher in those with low intake of vitamin A. Among girls, associations were also observed between lower intake of vitamin A and high triglyceride levels. Low intake of vitamin C among boys was associated with elevated high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Among girls, the intake of this vitamin was associated with lower low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. In girls, low intake of vitamin E was associated with low low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high total cholesterol levels. Conclusion The associations between antioxidant micronutrients as well as lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risk emphasize the importance of encouraging the consumption of foods that are rich in these nutrients to modulate lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risk.

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Lipid profile an important risk factor in patients with ovarian tumors: a meta-analysis

Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences ◽

10.31579/2578-8965/108 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Flaviu Ionut Faur ◽

Adelina Clim ◽

Ionel Nati ◽

Amadeus Dobrescu

Keyword(s):

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ovarian Tumor ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Ovarian Tumors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density

Introduction: In the literature ovarian tumors are knowed to be one of the most deadliest gynecological malignancies [1-4]. In US this type of malignancy represents 2.3 % of all cancer-related death and about 4 % of all new cancer cases among women. There are several studies that have reported the role of lipid profiles and it’s role in ovarian tumorigenesis. Fatty acids are essential for cancer cells progression[4-8]. In our study we investigated the true differance in circulating lipid profiles (total cholesterol TC, triglyceride TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL) among patients with and without ovarian tumors (OT) using a meta-analytical approach. Mehods: The meta-analysis was conducted using the MOOSE guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were extensively searched ( with a period of publication restriction between 2007 and 2019) to indetify published studies using the following keywords: “ total cholesterol ”, “high-density lipoprotein”, “ triglycerides ”, “ low-density lipoprotein ”, “ ovarian cancer”, “ ovarian tumor ”, “ lipid profile ”. The search methodology is shown in Fig. 1 and all references of retrieved articles were searched manually. Results: Seven studies, involving 1542 OT cases and 2195 non-cases of OT were included in this meta-analysis and I² statistics ranged between 97 and 99%. Mean circulating TC and HDL were significantly lower among OT cases compared to non-OT cases (P<0.04 and P<0.005). Conclusion: There is a modest significant association between circulating HDL and risk of ovarian tumor but it is crucial to elucidate the implications of HDL in tumor manifestations and growth.

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Differences in the Effects of Anthocyanin Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism According to the Structure of the Main Anthocyanin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13062003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 2003

Author(s):

Risa Araki ◽

Akira Yada ◽

Hirotsugu Ueda ◽

Kenichi Tominaga ◽

Hiroko Isoda

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Oh Groups ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

The effectiveness of anthocyanins may differ according to their chemical structures; however, randomized clinical controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses that examine the consequences of these structural differences have not been reported yet. In this meta-analysis, anthocyanins in test foods of 18 selected RCTs were categorized into three types: cyanidin-, delphinidin-, and malvidin-based. Delphinidin-based anthocyanins demonstrated significant effects on triglycerides (mean difference (MD): −0.24, p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD: −0.28, p < 0.001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (MD: 0.11, p < 0.01), whereas no significant effects were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins. Although non-significant, favorable effects on total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins, respectively (both p < 0.1). The ascending order of effectiveness on TC and LDL-C was delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and malvidin-based anthocyanins, and the differences among the three groups were significant (both p < 0.05). We could not confirm the significant effects of each main anthocyanin on glucose metabolism; however, insulin resistance index changed positively and negatively with cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanins, respectively. Therefore, foods containing mainly unmethylated anthocyanins, especially with large numbers of OH groups, may improve glucose and lipid metabolism more effectively than those containing methylated anthocyanins.

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The Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Lipid Levels: A Meta-Analysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10050904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 904

Author(s):

Jun Watanabe ◽

Masato Hamasaki ◽

Kazuhiko Kotani

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

H Pylori ◽

Meta Analyses

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is positively associated with cardiovascular diseases, but the involvement of lipids in this association remains unclear. The present study reviewed the changes in circulating lipid levels following H. pylori eradication. Methods: A PubMed database was searched until December 2020 to identify randomized control trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs investigating the effect of H. pylori eradication on the lipid levels in inverse variance-weighted, random-effects meta-analyses. Results: A total of 24 studies (four RCTs and 20 non-RCTs) with 5270 participants were identified. The post-eradication levels were increased for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; mean difference (MD) 2.28 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.90 to 2.66) and triglyceride (TG; MD 3.22 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.13 to 5.31) compared with the pre-eradication levels. H. pylori eradication resulted in little to no difference in the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (MD −2.33 mg/dL, 95% CI −4.92 to 0.26). In the analyses of RCTs only, the findings for elevated HDL-C levels, but not TG, were robust. Conclusions: H. pylori eradication increases the HDL-C levels. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of lipid changes following H. pylori eradication on cardiovascular diseases.

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Sulforaphane ameliorates lipid profile in rodents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87367-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kaili Du ◽

Yuxin Fan ◽

Dan Li

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Control ◽

Weighted Mean Difference ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Disease Model ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

AbstractSulforaphane (SFN), a naturally-occurring isothiocyanate enriched in cabbage and broccoli, has been provided as food supplements to improve weight management and reduce lipid levels. However, its effects on serum lipid profiles are contradictory. In this review, a meta-analysis and systematic review of SFN on lipid reduction and weight control is assessed with mice and rats fed on high-fat diet. The effects of SFN supplementation were evaluated by weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight (BW), liver weight (LW) and also by its effect on serum lipids. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall summary effect. SFN reduced BW (WMD: − 2.76 g, 95% CI: − 4.19, − 1.34) and LW (WMD: − 0.93 g, 95% CI: − 1.63, − 0.23) significantly in our ten trials. Its effects on serum total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: − 15.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 24.07, − 7.18), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: − 8.35 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 15.47, − 1.24) and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: − 40.85 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 67.46, − 14.24) were significant except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) component (WMD: 1.05 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 3.44, 5.54). However, species, disease model, duration, SFN dosage as well as route of administration did not explain the heterogeneity among studies. In summary, these findings provide new insights concerning preclinical strategies for treating diseases including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as cardiovascular disease with SFN supplements.

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