The Interplay between Antioxidants and the Immune System: A Promising Field, Still Looking for Answers

Modulation of the immune response has long been proposed as a therapeutic target in several widespread diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and also during the dysregulated response phase towards a systemic infection [...]

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Cholinergic modulation of the immune system – A novel therapeutic target for myocardial inflammation

International Immunopharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 107391

Author(s):

Jing Lu ◽

Weifeng Wu

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Therapeutic Target ◽

Myocardial Inflammation ◽

Cholinergic Modulation ◽

System A ◽

Novel Therapeutic

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Immune targeted therapies for COVID-19 Infection: A Promising Outlook

10.22541/au.160923862.21119058/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bahareh Forouzani-Haghighi ◽

Alireza Rezvani ◽

Afsaneh Vazin

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

The Elderly ◽

World Health ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

System A ◽

Disease Prognosis ◽

Health Organization

In December 2019, the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2020, the WHO (World Health Organization) officially declared it a pandemic. Reports indicated that the associated mortality of the infection is quite higher in the elderly, patients with specific comorbidities (like diabetes mellitus), and generally the ones with a compromised immune system. A cohort study of 452 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, reported a dysregulated immune response in these patients. As a result of this suppressed immune response, the increase of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), T lymphopenia, and decrease of CD4+ T cells was considered as common laboratory findings, especially in severe cases. On the other hand, there is also clear evidence of T cell exhaustion in severely ill patients. So, the immune system seems to play an important role in disease prognosis and pathogenesis. This study aims to review the evidence on the immune response dysregulation in COVID-19 infection and the potential role of immunoregulatory treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, interferons, and CD200 inhibitors in altering disease prognosis, especially in critically ill patients.

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Modeling the Cytokine NetworkIn VitroandIn Vivo

Journal of Theoretical Medicine ◽

10.1080/1027336042000208642 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 93-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Johannes Müller ◽

Thorsten Tjardes

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Resting State ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Planar System ◽

System A ◽

Clinical Pictures ◽

Parameter Values

The present paper consist of two parts: in the first part an experiment investigating the endothelial cell/interleukin 1 system is analyzed by means of a model. The most interesting outcome is a bistability of the system: a small challenge will not lead to a reaction, while a challenge slightly above a certain threshold leads to a complete activation of the endothelial cells. This finding is used in the second part of the paper, where a caricature model of the innate immune response (the part of the immune system that is not based on acquired immunity) is described and analyzed. In this analysis, especially, the possible patterns of the dynamics in the absence of a challenge have been targeted. We find a variety of behaviors possible for the resulting planar system. For certain parameter values, a small challenge is ignored, while a challenge above a certain threshold leads to a massive strike of the immune system that comes eventually to rest again. Also bistability, periodic behavior or an unstable resting state can be found. It is heuristically possible to link most of these dynamical patterns with natural or pathological situations that can be found in clinical pictures.

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Neuroendocrine Modulation of the Immune Response after Trauma and Sepsis: Does It Influence Outcome?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9072287 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 2287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philipp Kobbe ◽

Felix M. Bläsius ◽

Philipp Lichte ◽

Reiner Oberbeck ◽

Frank Hildebrand

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

System A ◽

Multiple Injured ◽

Injured Patients ◽

Multiple Injured Patients ◽

Physiological Systems ◽

Immune Disturbance

Although the treatment of multiple-injured patients has been improved during the last decades, sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF) still remain the major cause of death. Following trauma, profound alterations of a large number of physiological systems can be observed that may potentially contribute to the development of sepsis and MOF. This includes alterations of the neuroendocrine and the immune system. A large number of studies focused on posttraumatic changes of the immune system, but the cause of posttraumatic immune disturbance remains to be established. However, an increasing number of data indicate that the bidirectional interaction between the neuroendocrine and the immune system may be an important mechanism involved in the development of sepsis and MOF. The aim of this article is to highlight the current knowledge of the neuroendocrine modulation of the immune system during trauma and sepsis.

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Glycan regulation in cancer, nervous and immune system: A narrative review

Biomedical Research and Therapy ◽

10.15419/bmrat.v6i4.536 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 3113-3120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamad Haider Khan ◽

Bingyin Shi ◽

Yang Tian ◽

Ting Wang ◽

Shida Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Immune System ◽

Significant Role ◽

Therapeutic Target ◽

Screening Tool ◽

System A ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Carbohydrate Components ◽

Stimulation Of ◽

The Ideal

Glycans are carbohydrate components of glycoconjugates, which interact with their receptors; for example, galectins and C-type lectins. The specificity to their receptors makes them the ideal biomarkers that they can be used as a therapeutic target or as a screening tool. We collected and reviewed articles from different databases, which show that glycans play a significant role in several body functions, such as stimulation of the immune system, and can be used in the differentiation among cancer types. They also help in nervous system repair, regeneration, regulation and proliferation. Furthermore, several pathogens like Schistosoma, HIV, Influenza, Candida, and Ebola produce glycoproteins to aid in the invasion via attachment to surface glycoproteins and defend themselves against the host's immune system.

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Modelling of Anti-Tumour Immune Response: Immunocorrective Effect of Weak Centimetre Electromagnetic Waves

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1080/17486700802373540 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 185-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

O. G. Isaeva ◽

V. A. Osipov

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Antigen Presentation ◽

Electromagnetic Waves ◽

Tumour Growth ◽

Tumour Size ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Parametric Perturbation ◽

System A ◽

Antigen Presenting

We formulate the dynamical model for the anti-tumour immune response based on intercellular cytokine-mediated interactions with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) taken into account. The analysis shows that the expression level of tumour antigens on antigen presenting cells has a distinct influence on the tumour dynamics. At low antigen presentation, a progressive tumour growth takes place to the highest possible value. At high antigen presentation, there is a decrease in tumour size to some value when the dynamical equilibrium between the tumour and the immune system is reached. In the case of the medium antigen presentation, both these regimes can be realized depending on the initial tumour size and the condition of the immune system. A pronounced immunomodulating effect (the suppression of tumour growth and the normalization of IL-2 concentration) is established by considering the influence of low-intensity electromagnetic microwaves as a parametric perturbation of the dynamical system. This finding is in qualitative agreement with the recent experimental results on immunocorrective effects of centimetre electromagnetic waves in tumour-bearing mice.

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Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18030904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 904 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olga Scudiero ◽

Barbara Lombardo ◽

Mariarita Brancaccio ◽

Cristina Mennitti ◽

Arturo Cesaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Large Family ◽

Depth Study ◽

Living Species ◽

Global Threat

Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a large family of RNA viruses that can infect different living species, posing a global threat to human health. CoVs can evade the immune response, replicate within the host, and cause a rapid immune compromise culminating in severe acute respiratory syndrome. In humans, the immune system functions are influenced by physical activity, nutrition, and the absence of respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an in-depth study between the interactions of the immune system and coronaviruses in the host to defend against CoVs disease.

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