scholarly journals Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Anh N. Nguyen ◽  
Susana Santos ◽  
Kim V. E. Braun ◽  
Trudy Voortman
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Blood Concentrations

High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. We repeatedly measured children’s height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. For all outcomes, we calculated age and sexspecific SD-scores. In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children’s BMI or body composition. A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/day, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (−0.03 SDS, 95% CI: −0.04; −0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition.

scholarly journals The experience of life events and body composition in middle childhood: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivonne P. M. Derks ◽  
Sara Hannani ◽  
Florianne O. L. Vehmeijer ◽  
Henning Tiemeier ◽  
Pauline W. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dutch Children

AbstractWhile studies suggest potential influences of childhood adversities on obesity development in adulthood, less is known about the short-term association in children. We examined the association between a wide range of life events experienced in the first ten years of life (including maltreatment and milder adversities) and body composition in 5333 ten-year old Dutch children. In structured interviews, mothers retrospectively reported on their children’s experience of 24 events. BMI was calculated, and fat mass index and fat free mass index were determined by dual-x-ray absorptiometry scanning. Linear regressions showed that, unadjusted, a higher number of life events was associated with higher BMI and body composition. However, associations attenuated to non-significance after adjustment for covariates. Similar findings were observed for maltreatment and milder life events. Thus, the number of experienced life events was not associated with body composition in middle childhood. Rather, other factors, like socioeconomic conditions, accounted for the relationship between life events and weight development in children.

scholarly journals Childhood Estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C: Importance of Body Composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kozeta Miliku ◽  
Hanneke Bakker ◽  
Eiske M. Dorresteijn ◽  
Karlien Cransberg ◽  
Oscar H. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
P Value ◽  
Blood Concentrations

Background: Creatinine and cystatin C concentrations are commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. To estimate the influence of different body composition measures on eGFR from creatinine and cystatin C blood concentrations, we compared the associations of different anthropometric and body composition measures with eGFR derived from creatinine (eGFRcreat) and cystatin C (eGFRcystC) blood concentrations. Methods: In a population-based cohort study among 4,305 children aged 6.0 years (95% range 5.7-8.0), we measured weight and height and calculated body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA), and lean and fat mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At the same age, we measured creatinine and cystatin C blood concentrations and estimated the GFR. Results: Correlation between eGFR based on creatinine and cystatin C concentrations was r = 0.40 (p value <0.01). Higher BMI was associated with lower eGFRcystC but not with eGFRcreat. Higher BSA was associated with higher eGFRcreat and lower eGFRcystC (p value <0.05). Lean and fat mass percentages were associated with eGFRcreat but not with eGFRcystC. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both eGFRcreat and eGFRcystC are influenced by BMI and BSA. eGFRcreat is more strongly influenced by body composition than eGFRcystC.

The potential role of androgens as early determinants of body composition and metabolic health.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiberiu Banica ◽  
Charlotte Verroken ◽  
Zmierczak Hans-Georg ◽  
Stefan Goemaere ◽  
Guy T’Sjoen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Metabolic Health

Abstract 075: Differences In Body Composition At Baseline And In Response To Exercise Training By Metabolic Health And Weight Status

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Jones ◽  
Jacob L Barber ◽  
James S Skinner ◽  
Claude Bouchard ◽  
Mark A Sarzynski
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Background: Body composition is known to differ across metabolic health and weight phenotypes. Regular exercise improves body composition, yet little is known about differences in exercise response across metabolic health and weight phenotypes. Methods: Normal weight (n=376) and overweight/obese (OWOB) adults (n=456) from the HERITAGE Family Study (56% female, 38% Black) completed a 20-week endurance training program. Four groups based on baseline BMI and metabolic risk were created: metabolically healthy normal weight, MHNW; metabolically unhealthy normal weight, MUNW; metabolically healthy OWOB, MHO; and metabolically unhealthy OWOB, MUO. Unhealthy was defined as having ≥2 metabolic syndrome components. General linear models tested for differences in baseline and change in measures of body composition (fat mass [FM], fat-free mass [FFM], % body fat [%BF], visceral fat) after adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity (and baseline value in change models). Results: Table 1 shows adjusted mean baseline and change in body composition values by group. Baseline body composition tended to track with weight status, with NW adults having lower FM, %BF, and visceral fat compared to obese adults (p<0.05), regardless of metabolic health. However, the MHO group had lower baseline values of these traits compared to MUO (p<0.05). Body composition measures significantly improved with exercise training in all groups, however, the magnitude of change differed between groups. For example, both NW groups had larger decreases in %BF compared to the obese groups, with MUNW showing the largest decrease. Conversely, MHNW showed the largest decrease in visceral fat, which was greater than both obese groups, but change in visceral fat was similar between MHO and MUNW. Conclusions: Normal weight adults tended to have better body composition profiles at baseline and larger improvements with exercise compared to obese adults, regardless of metabolic health. Within weight groups, body composition improved regardless of metabolic health status.

scholarly journals 2544

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Hayley Billingsley ◽  
Salvatore Carbone ◽  
Justin M. Canada ◽  
Leo Buckley ◽  
Dave L. Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Rank Test

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States characterized by fat accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Higher amounts of fat-free mass (FFM) and lower amounts of fat mass (FM) have been associated with better outcomes in several chronic diseases, recently also in NASH. Body composition is highly influenced by diet. However, the role of diet on body composition in patients with NASH is largely unknown. We hypothesized that consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), healthy fatty acids mainly found in fish, nuts, and some vegetable oils, is associated with improved body composition, specifically greater FFM and lower FM, in NASH patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 13 patients with histologically confirmed NASH underwent body composition testing via bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate FFM% (% of body weight), FM% (% of body weight), and FFM/FM ratio. PUFA and saturated fat consumption was determined by standardized 5-pass 24-hour dietary recall. Correlations were computed using the Spearman rank test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Median body mass index (BMI) was 35.7 kg/m2 (32.8–42.7), median age of the sample was 50 years (46.3–57.3), and 73% were female. Median percent of calories from polyunsaturated fat was 6.8% (5.4–9.6). Percent of calories from PUFA was positively and significantly associated with greater FFM% (R=0.56, p=0.049), lower FM% (R=−0.59, p=0.035), and greater FFM/FM ratio (R=0.58, p=0.037). Additionally, a higher PUFA to saturated fatty acids ratio was also significantly correlated with greater FFM% (R=0.58, p=0.039), lower FM% (R=−0.64, p=0.020), and greater FFM/FM ratio (R=0.57, p=0.043). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In patients with NASH, the consumption of PUFA is associated with higher FFM and lower FM, which suggests a protective role of these nutrients on body composition. A larger study on patients with NASH is warranted to confirm our findings on PUFA consumption and body composition, as well as to determine whether these effects will improve clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Body composition and resting energy expenditure in humans: role of fat, fat-free mass and extracellular fluid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nielsen ◽  
DD Hensrud ◽  
S Romanski ◽  
JA Levine ◽  
B Burguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Resting Energy

One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marco Pahor ◽  
Frances Tylavsky ◽  
Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

scholarly journals Threat vigilance and socioeconomic disparities in metabolic health

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1721-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camelia E. Hostinar ◽  
Kharah M. Ross ◽  
Meanne Chan ◽  
Edith Chen ◽  
Gregory E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Global Population

AbstractA quarter of the global population meets diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS prevalence stratifies by socioeconomic status (SES), such that low SES is associated with higher MetS risk starting in childhood. Despite this trend, some low-SES children maintain good metabolic health across the life span, but the factors responsible for their resilience are not well understood. This study examined the role of threat vigilance as either a moderator or a mediator of the effects of low early life SES on adult metabolic risk. Three hundred twenty-five Canadians aged 15–55 participated (M = 36.4 years, SD = 10.7; 55.4% female). We coded parental occupational status between the ages of 0 and 5 to index early life SES. We used the International Diabetes Federation case definition for MetS based on waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin measures. Threat vigilance was assessed using the Weapons Identification Procedure, a visual discrimination paradigm that captures implicit perceptions of threat. Analyses supported the moderator hypothesis: low early life SES was associated with MetS diagnosis exclusively among those with high levels of threat vigilance. This suggests that low early life SES environments that heighten vigilance to threat might be particularly detrimental for metabolic health. Conversely, low threat vigilance may buffer against the metabolic risks associated with socioeconomic disadvantage.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate quality changes and concurrent changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a longitudinal analysis in the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A Martínez-González ◽  
Cesar I Fernandez-Lazaro ◽  
Estefanía Toledo ◽  
Andrés Díaz-López ◽  
Dolores Corella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Dietary Fiber Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Quality

ABSTRACT Background Overall quality of dietary carbohydrate intake rather than total carbohydrate intake may determine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective We examined 6- and 12-mo changes in carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and concurrent changes in several CVD risk factors in a multicenter, randomized, primary-prevention trial (PREDIMED-Plus) based on an intensive weight-loss lifestyle intervention program. Methods Prospective analysis of 5373 overweight/obese Spanish adults (aged 55–75 y) with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Dietary intake information obtained from a validated 143-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to calculate 6- and 12-mo changes in CQI (categorized in quintiles), based on 4 criteria (total dietary fiber intake, glycemic index, whole grain/total grain ratio, and solid carbohydrate/total carbohydrate ratio). The outcomes were changes in intermediate markers of CVD. Results During the 12-mo follow-up, the majority of participants improved their CQI by increasing their consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, and nuts and decreasing their consumption of refined cereals, added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages. After 6 mo, body weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride levels, triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index, and TyG-WC decreased across successive quintiles of improvement in the CQI. After 12 mo, improvements were additionally observed for HDL cholesterol and for the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol. Favorable improvements (expressed in common units of SD and 95% CI) for quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 of CQI change were observed for most risk factors, including TyG-WC (SD −0.20; 95% CI −0.26, −0.15), HbA1c (SD −0.16; 95% CI −0.23, −0.10), weight (SD −0.12; 95% CI −0.14, −0.09), systolic BP (SD −0.11; 95% CI −0.19, −0.02) and diastolic BP (SD −0.11; 95% CI −0.19, −0.04). Conclusions Improvements in CQI were strongly associated with concurrent favorable CVD risk factor changes maintained over time in overweight/obese adults with MetS. This trial was registered as ISRCTN 89898870.

Using Food to Soothe in Infancy is Prospectively Associated with Childhood BMI in a Population-Based Cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline W Jansen ◽  
Ivonne P M Derks ◽  
Amber Batenburg ◽  
Vincent W V Jaddoe ◽  
Oscar H Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Frequent Use

ABSTRACT Background Feeding practices have been implicated in childhood overweight, but the long-term effects of using food to comfort a distressed child remain unknown. Objective This study examined whether the use of food to soothe in infancy was associated with later body composition, and whether children's eating behaviors mediate this relation. Methods Participants were 3960 children of Generation R, a population-based birth cohort in the Netherlands. Parents reported on the use of food to soothe when infants were 6 mo old and on child eating behavior (food responsiveness, emotional eating) at ages 4 and 10 y. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat-free mass were measured at ages 6 and 10 y. Linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted, accounting for various potential confounding factors. Results The use of food to soothe when infants were 6 mo old predicted a higher BMI from age 6 y onwards, independently of infant weight, maternal BMI, and other confounders. Specifically, frequent use was associated with a BMI z score 0.13 higher at age 10 y (95% CI: 0.03, 0.22) as compared with never use. Children's emotional eating mediated this association (indirect effect B = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06). The feeding–body composition association was most evident for fat mass (P for trend = 0.014) and somewhat less for fat-free mass (P for trend = 0.079). Conclusions The use of food to comfort a distressed infant was consistently associated with obesogenic eating behaviors and an unhealthy body composition throughout middle and late childhood. As our design precludes conclusions on causal associations, we recommend further studies with precise, repeated assessments of infant feeding practices. Such research can help ascertain the direction of effect, which is needed for establishing evidence-based guidelines for parents regarding the use of food to soothe early in life.

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