scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2486
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Fil ◽  
Sangyun Joung ◽  
Jonas Hauser ◽  
Andreas Rytz ◽  
Courtney A. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.

scholarly journals Rearing Environment and Longitudinal Brain Development in the Pig

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 903-903
Author(s):  
Joanne Fil ◽  
Sangyun Joung ◽  
Courtney Hayes ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Rearing Environment

Abstract Objectives Artificial rearing of pigs provides a number of advantages over conventional rearing (i.e., true maternal care), including careful control of nutrient intake and environment conditions. Yet there remains a gap in knowledge when comparing brain development between sow-reared and artificially-reared domestic pigs. Thus, our research sought to model brain development and assess recognition memory in a longitudinal manner by directly comparing rearing environments. Methods Forty-four intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were artificially-reared or sow-reared from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all pigs were housed in a group setting within the same environment until postnatal week 24. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on pigs at 8 longitudinal time-points to model developmental trajectories of brain macrostrutural and microstructural outcomes. Additionally, pigs behavior were tested using the novel object recognition task at postnatal weeks 4 and 8. Results Throughout the 24-week study, no differences between rearing groups were noted in weekly body weights, average growth and feed intake patterns, or feed efficiency. Whole brain, grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid growth patterns also did not differ between pigs assigned to different early-life rearing environments. Moreover, minimal differences in regional absolute volumes and fractional anisotropy developmental trajectories were identified, though artificially-reared pigs exhibited higher initial rates of myelination in multiple brain regions compared with sow-reared pigs. Furthermore, behavioral assessment at both PNW 4 and 8 suggested little influence of rearing environment on recognition memory, however, an age-dependent increase in object recognition memory was observed in the sow-reared group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early-life rearing environment has little influence on brain growth trajectories and behavior in the domestic pig. Artificial rearing may promote maturation in certain brain areas but does not appear to elicit long-term effects in outcomes including brain structure or behavior. Funding Sources The study was funded by Société des Produits Nestlé SA.

scholarly journals Influence of Rearing Environment on Longitudinal Brain Development, Object Recognition Memory, and Exploratory Behaviors in the Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Fil ◽  
Sangyun Joung ◽  
Courtney A. Hayes ◽  
Ryan N. Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Rearing Environment ◽  
Object Recognition Memory

IntroductionOver the last 40 years, the domestic pig has emerged as a prominent preclinical model as this species shares similarities with humans with regard to immunity, gastrointestinal physiology, and neurodevelopment. Artificial rearing of pigs provides a number of advantages over conventional rearing (i.e., true maternal care), including careful control of nutrient intake and environment conditions. Yet there remains a gap in knowledge when comparing brain development between sow-reared and artificially reared domestic pigs. Thus, our research sought to model brain development and assess recognition memory in a longitudinal manner by directly comparing rearing environments.MethodsForty-four intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were artificially reared or sow-reared from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all pigs were housed in a group setting within the same environment until postnatal week 24. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on pigs at 8 longitudinal time-points to model developmental trajectories of brain macrostructural and microstructural outcomes. Additionally, pigs behavior were tested using the novel object recognition task at postnatal weeks 4 and 8.ResultsThroughout the 24-week study, no differences between rearing groups were noted in weekly body weights, average growth and feed intake patterns, or feed efficiency. Whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid growth patterns also did not differ between pigs assigned to different early-life rearing environments. Moreover, minimal differences in regional absolute volumes and fractional anisotropy developmental trajectories were identified, though artificially reared pigs exhibited higher initial rates of myelination in multiple brain regions compared with sow-reared pigs. Furthermore, behavioral assessment at both PNW 4 and 8 suggested little influence of rearing environment on recognition memory, however, an age-dependent increase in object recognition memory was observed in the sow-reared group.ConclusionOur findings suggest that early-life rearing environment influences the rate of development in some brain regions but has little influence on overall brain growth and object recognition memory and exploratory behaviors in the domestic pig. Artificial rearing may promote maturation in certain brain areas but does not appear to elicit long-term effects in outcomes including brain structure or object recognition memory.

What three-year-olds remember from their past

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Hirte ◽  
Frauke Graf ◽  
Ziyon Kim ◽  
Monika Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Deferred Imitation ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Task Recognition ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Memory Contents

From birth on, infants show long-term recognition memory for persons. Furthermore, infants from six months onwards are able to store and retrieve demonstrated actions over long-term intervals in deferred imitation tasks. Thus, information about the model demonstrating the object-related actions is stored and recognition memory for the objects as well as memory for the actions is retrieved. To study the development of long-term retention for different memory contents systematically, the present study investigated the recognition of person- and object-related information as well as the retention of actions in two samples of three-year-olds who had participated in a deferred imitation task at either nine or 18 months of age. Results showed that three-year-olds who had participated at nine months of age retained actions in a re-enactment task; however, they neither indicated person- nor object-recognition in a picture-choice task (recognition task). Children who had participated at 18 months of age demonstrated person- and object-recognition but no re-enactment at three years of age. Findings are discussed against the background of memory development from a preverbal to a verbal age and in regard to the characteristics of the recognition vs re-enactment tasks and the stimuli used.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Infusion of Zeta Inhibitory Peptide Impairs Recent, but Not Remote, Recognition Memory in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena B. Hales ◽  
Amber C. Ocampo ◽  
Nicola J. Broadbent ◽  
Robert E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task

Spatial memory in rodents can be erased following the infusion of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) into the dorsal hippocampus via indwelling guide cannulas. It is believed that ZIP impairs spatial memory by reversing established late-phase long-term potentiation (LTP). However, it is unclear whether other forms of hippocampus-dependent memory, such as recognition memory, are also supported by hippocampal LTP. In the current study, we tested recognition memory in rats following hippocampal ZIP infusion. In order to combat the limited targeting of infusions via cannula, we implemented a stereotaxic approach for infusing ZIP throughout the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hippocampus. Rats infused with ZIP 3–7 days after training on the novel object recognition task exhibited impaired object recognition memory compared to control rats (those infused with aCSF). In contrast, rats infused with ZIP 1 month after training performed similar to control rats. The ability to form new memories after ZIP infusions remained intact. We suggest that enhanced recognition memory for recent events is supported by hippocampal LTP, which can be reversed by hippocampal ZIP infusion.

scholarly journals Modulation of recognition memory performance by light requires both melanopsin and classical photoreceptors

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1845) ◽  
pp. 20162275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu K. E. Tam ◽  
Sibah Hasan ◽  
Steven Hughes ◽  
Mark W. Hankins ◽  
Russell G. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Effect Of Light

Acute light exposure exerts various effects on physiology and behaviour. Although the effects of light on brain network activity in humans are well demonstrated, the effects of light on cognitive performance are inconclusive, with the size, as well as direction, of the effect depending on the nature of the task. Similarly, in nocturnal rodents, bright light can either facilitate or disrupt performance depending on the type of task employed. Crucially, it is unclear whether the effects of light on behavioural performance are mediated via the classical image-forming rods and cones or the melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Here, we investigate the modulatory effects of light on memory performance in mice using the spontaneous object recognition task. Importantly, we examine which photoreceptors are required to mediate the effects of light on memory performance. By using a cross-over design, we show that object recognition memory is disrupted when the test phase is conducted under a bright light (350 lux), regardless of the light level in the sample phase (10 or 350 lux), demonstrating that exposure to a bright light at the time of test, rather than at the time of encoding, impairs performance. Strikingly, the modulatory effect of light on memory performance is completely abolished in both melanopsin-deficient and rodless–coneless mice. Our findings provide direct evidence that melanopsin-driven and rod/cone-driven photoresponses are integrated in order to mediate the effect of light on memory performance.

scholarly journals Amphetamine Modulation of Long-Term Object Recognition Memory in Rats: Influence of Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Colucci ◽  
Alessia Santori ◽  
Luca Romanelli ◽  
Clemens Zwergel ◽  
Antonello Mai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Adrenergic System ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Swim Stress ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Forced Swim Stress

Amphetamine is a potent psychostimulant that increases brain monoamine levels. Extensive evidence demonstrated that norepinephrine is crucially involved in the regulation of memory consolidation for stressful experiences. Here, we investigated amphetamine effects on the consolidation of long-term recognition memory in rats exposed to different intensities of forced swim stress immediately after training. Furthermore, we evaluated whether such effects are dependent on the activation of the peripheral adrenergic system. To this aim, male adult Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to an object recognition task and intraperitoneally administered soon after training with amphetamine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg), or its corresponding vehicle. Rats were thereafter exposed to a mild (1 min, 25 ± 1°C) or strong (5 min, 19 ± 1°C) forced swim stress procedure. Recognition memory retention was assessed 24-h after training. Our findings showed that amphetamine enhances the consolidation of memory in rats subjected to mild stress condition, while it impairs long-term memory performance in rats exposed to strong stress. These dichotomic effects is dependent on stress-induced activation of the peripheral adrenergic response.

scholarly journals Dietary Oligofructose Alone or in Combination with 2′-Fucosyllactose Differentially Improves Recognition Memory and Hippocampal mRNA Expression

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Fleming ◽  
Austin T. Mudd ◽  
Jonas Hauser ◽  
Jian Yan ◽  
Sylviane Metairon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Novel Object Recognition Task ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Structural Brain

Mounting evidence suggests that dietary oligosaccharides promote brain development. This study assessed the capacity of oligofructose (OF) alone or in combination with 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) to alter recognition memory, structural brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of three milk replacers formulated to contain OF, OF + 2′-FL, or no oligosaccharides (CON). Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1 or 48 h at PND 22. At PND 32–33, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs that consumed the OF diet demonstrated increased recognition memory after a 1 h delay, whereas those consuming diets containing OF + 2′-FL displayed increased recognition memory after a 48 h delay. Pigs fed OF or OF + 2′-FL exhibited a larger relative volume of the olfactory bulbs compared with CON pigs. Provision of OF or OF + 2′-FL altered gene expression related to dopaminergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, cell adhesion, and chromatin remodeling processes. Collectively, these data indicate that dietary OF and OF + 2′-FL differentially improve cognitive performance and affect olfactory bulb structural development and hippocampal gene expression.

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